Editing Heavy metal music (section)

==Women in heavy metal==
[[File:Frozen Crown (23) - 52849994682.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1|Giada Etro from [[Frozen Crown]] (''left'') and Federica Lanna from [[Volturian]] (''right'') during a joint concert.]]
[[File:Voice of Baceprot op het Valkhof Festival 2022 03.jpg|thumb|All-female Indonesian group [[Voice of Baceprot]] performs at [[Valkhof Festival]] 2022.]]

Women's involvement in heavy metal began in the 1960s since its very conception, given the role played by Esther "Jinx" Dawson, vocalist and leader of [[Coven (band)|Coven]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-18 |title=The Forgotten Mother of Metal Music and Birth of the "Devil's Horns" |url=https://atomicredhead.com/2021/08/18/the-forgotten-mother-of-metal-music-and-birth-of-the-devils-horns/ |access-date=2023-06-15 |website=Atomic Redhead |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Cooper |first=Leonie |date=2021-02-22 |title=The Unsung: Jinx Dawson invented rock's devil horns – but a man took all the credit |url=https://thefortyfive.com/opinion/jinx-dawson-coven/ |access-date=2023-06-15 |website=The Forty-Five |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Trapp |first=Philip|date=2021-04-21 |title=Where Did Metal's 'Devil Horns' Hand Gesture Really Come From? |url=https://loudwire.com/where-did-metal-devil-horns-hand-come-from/ |access-date=2023-06-15 |website=Loudwire |language=en}}</ref> The next milestone took place in the 1970s when Genesis, the forerunner of [[Vixen (band)|Vixen]], formed in 1973. A hard rock band featuring all-female members, [[The Runaways]], was founded in 1975; [[Joan Jett]] and [[Lita Ford]] later had successful solo careers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.biography.com/people/lita-ford-17169494|title=Lita Ford|website=Biography|language=en-us|access-date=26 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180323060710/https://www.biography.com/people/lita-ford-17169494|archive-date=23 March 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1978, during the rise of the [[new wave of British heavy metal|New Wave of British Heavy Metal]], the band [[Girlschool]] was founded and, in 1980, collaborated with [[Motörhead]] under the pseudonym [[Headgirl]]. Starting in 1982, [[Doro (musician)|Doro Pesch]], dubbed "the Metal Queen", reached success across Europe (making other woman-fronted metal bands to spawn, such as Spain's [[Santa (band)|Santa]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bomb |first=Cherry |date=2019-12-16 |title=Forget Santa Claus! Bang Your Head to 80s Spanish Metal Demons SANTA |url=https://metalinjection.net/editorials/back-in-the-day/forget-santa-claus-bang-your-head-to-80s-spanish-metal-demons-santa |access-date=2023-04-04 |website=Metal Injection |language=en-US}}</ref> in 1983), leading the German band [[Warlock (band)|Warlock]] before starting her solo career.<ref>{{Cite web |last=BraveWords |title=DORO – The Queen Of Metal Documentary 2021 Streaming |url=https://bravewords.com/news/doro-the-queen-of-metal-documentary-2021-streaming |access-date=2023-04-04 |website=bravewords.com |date=29 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref> In 1983 another pioneering heavy metal singer, [[Mari Hamada]], made her debut, achieving great success in Japan from the 1980s until well into the 21st century.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Writer |first=Yusuke Tsuruta / Yomiuri Shimbun Staff |date=2023-06-22 |title=Mari Hamada's Outlook on Life, Death Reflected in New Heavy Metal Album |url=https://japannews.yomiuri.co.jp/culture/music/20230622-117617/ |access-date=2024-01-19 |website=japannews.yomiuri.co.jp |language=en}}</ref> Debuting as the female lead singer of the American band [[Chastain (band)|Chastain]] in 1985, [[Leather Leone]] was a pioneer in [[power metal]] vocals.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Leather |url=https://www.metal.it/group.aspx/15868/leather/ |access-date=2024-05-16 |website=www.metal.it}}</ref> In 1986, the German thrash band [[Holy Moses]], fronted by pioneer [[Growling|growler]] [[Sabina Classen]], issued their first album.<ref>{{Cite web |last=updated |first=Dom Lawsonlast |date=2020-09-25 |title=Holy Moses revolutionised the 80s thrash scene. Why don't more people know about them? |url=https://www.loudersound.com/features/holy-moses-revolutionised-the-80s-thrash-scene-why-dont-more-people-know-about-them |access-date=2023-04-04 |website=louder |language=en}}</ref> 

[[Bolt Thrower]]'s [[bassist]] [[Jo Bench]] since 1987 has inspired female musicians to play metal.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Kim |date=2016-09-22 |title=No Guts, No Glory: How Bolt Thrower's Jo Bench Inspired a Generation of Metal Musicians |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/no-guts-no-glory-how-bolt-throwers-jo-bench-inspired-a-generation-of-metal-musicians/ |access-date=2024-05-16 |website=Vice |language=en}}</ref> Other women who have played instruments in otherwise male-dominated metal bands include [[Shirley Temple]]'s daughter [[Lori Black]] ([[Melvins]]), Kate Reddy of [[Krishnacore]] band [[108 (band)|108]] and Kim Deal ([[Pixies (band)|Pixies]]). 

In 1994, [[Liv Kristine]] joined Norwegian [[gothic metal]] band [[Theatre of Tragedy]], providing "angelic"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.napalmrecords.com/band/?bandID=40&alphabetID=21 |title=Artists – LIv Kristine |publisher=[[Napalm Records]] |date=2012 |access-date=16 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416174541/http://www.napalmrecords.com/band/?bandID=40&alphabetID=21 |archive-date=16 April 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> female clean vocals to contrast with male [[death growl]]s. In 1996, Finnish band [[Nightwish]] was founded and featured [[Tarja Turunen]]'s vocals. This was followed by more women fronting heavy metal bands, such as [[Halestorm]], [[In This Moment]], [[Within Temptation]], [[Arch Enemy]] and [[Epica (band)|Epica]] among others. Liv Kristine was featured on the title track of [[Cradle of Filth]]'s 2004 album, ''[[Nymphetamine]]'', which was nominated for the 2004 [[Grammy Award for Best Metal Performance]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.usatoday.com/life/music/news/2004-12-07-grammy-nominee-list_x.htm |title=usatoday.com – Grammy Award Nominees in Top Categories |date=12 July 2004 |work=[[USA Today]] |access-date=7 September 2012}}</ref>  In 2013, Halestorm won the Grammy in the combined category of Best Hard Rock/Metal Performance for "[[Love Bites (So Do I)]]".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.usatoday.com/life/music/news/2004-12-07-grammy-nominee-list_x.htm |title=usatoday.com – Grammy Award Nominees in Top Categories |date=12 July 2004 |work=USA Today |access-date=7 September 2012}}</ref> In 2021, [[In This Moment]], [[Code Orange (band)|Code Orange]] and [[Poppy (entertainer)|Poppy]] were all nominated in the Best Metal Performance category.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Pasbani|first=Robert|date=24 November 2020|title=Here Are The Nominees For Best Metal Performance at the 2021 GRAMMYs|url=https://metalinjection.net/metal-in-the-mainstream/here-are-the-nominees-for-best-metal-performance-at-the-2021-grammys|access-date=15 January 2021|website=Metal Injection|language=en-US}}</ref>

The most notable of these 1990s/2000s female-fronted groups was the American band [[Evanescence]], headed by vocalist [[Amy Lee]] and featuring a musical style usually described as gothic alternative metal and hard rock with classical elements.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2017-11-17 |title=The story of Evanescence so far |url=https://www.loudersound.com/features/the-story-of-evanescence-so-far |access-date=2023-06-23 |website=[[Metal Hammer]] |language=en}}</ref> Their first album ''[[Fallen (Evanescence album)|Fallen]]'', released in 2003, broke into the [[popular music]] scene and was a worldwide phenomenon;<ref>{{Cite web |last=Baltin |first=Steve |title=Evanescence Thank Fans With New Box Set |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/stevebaltin/2016/10/12/evanescence-thank-fans-with-new-box-set/ |access-date=2023-06-23 |website=[[Forbes]] |language=en}}</ref> it earned the band two [[Grammy Awards]] and briefly catapulted Lee to a level of fame similar to that of contemporary [[Pop icon|popstars]] such as [[Christina Aguilera]], [[Avril Lavigne]], and [[Beyoncé]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Spanos |first=Brittany |date=2020-11-16 |title=Evanescence's Amy Lee Gets Back to Life |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-features/evanescence-amy-lee-interview-bitter-truth-1088593/ |access-date=2023-06-23 |magazine=Rolling Stone |language=en-US}}</ref> Although their later albums have not had a similar impact, Evanescence are still one of the most commercially successful metal groups of the 21st century, having sold over 30 million records.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fooks |first=Todd FooksTodd |date=2022-08-19 |title=The Top 25 Best Selling Hard Rock + Metal Artists of All Time |url=https://loudwire.com/top-25-best-selling-rock-metal-artists/ |access-date=2025-05-03 |website=Loudwire |language=en}}</ref>

In Japan, the 2010s saw a boom of all-female metal bands, including [[Destrose]], [[Aldious]], [[Mary's Blood]], [[Cyntia]] and [[Lovebites (band)|Lovebites]],<ref>{{cite web | title = The DESTROSE Connection ~The Prologue~ | work = JaME | url = https://www.jame-world.com/en/article/136224-the-destrose-connection-the-prologue.html| date= 17 March 2016| access-date = 31 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = 浜田麻里からLOVEBITESまでーーガールズHR/HM、波乱万丈の30年史 | url = https://realsound.jp/2017/11/post-125465.html |date=7 November 2017| work = Real Sound | language = ja | access-date = 31 August 2019}}</ref> as well as the mainstream success of [[Babymetal]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-23 |title=Meet Babymetal: The Japanese Band That Is Breaking Grounds For Women In Heavy Metal |url=https://www.hercampus.com/school/casper-libero/meet-babymetal-japanese-band-breaking-grounds-women-heavy-metal/ |access-date=2023-06-23 |website=www.hercampus.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

Women such as [[Gaby Hoffmann (manager)|Gaby Hoffmann]] and [[Sharon Osbourne]] have held important managerial roles behind the scenes. In 1981, Hoffmann helped [[Don Dokken]] acquire his first record deal,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.michaelwagener.com/html/bio.html|title=Michael Wagener's Biography|website=www.michaelwagener.com|access-date=21 March 2018}}</ref> as well as became the manager of [[Accept (band)|Accept]] in 1981 and wrote songs under the pseudonym of "Deaffy" for many of band's studio albums. Vocalist [[Mark Tornillo]] stated that Hoffmann still had some influence in songwriting on their later albums.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.blabbermouth.net/news/accepts-mark-tornillo-says-fans-can-expect-a-little-more-diversity-on-blind-rage/|title=ACCEPT's MARK TORNILLO Says Fans Can Expect 'A Little More Diversity' On 'Blind Rage'|date=4 April 2014|work=BLABBERMOUTH.NET|access-date=23 March 2018|language=en-US}}</ref> Osbourne, the wife and manager of [[Ozzy Osbourne]], founded the [[Ozzfest]] music festival and managed several bands, including Motörhead, [[Coal Chamber]], [[the Smashing Pumpkins]], [[Electric Light Orchestra]], Lita Ford and [[Queen (band)|Queen]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Interview: Sharon Osbourne|url=https://www.theguardian.com/friday_review/story/0,3605,495951,00.html|website=The Guardian|access-date=21 March 2018}}</ref>

=== Sexism ===
The popular media and academia have long charged heavy metal with sexism and [[misogyny]]. In the 1980s, American conservative groups like the [[Parents Music Resource Center]] (PMRC) and the [[Parent Teacher Association]] (PTA) co-opted feminist views on anti-woman violence to form attacks on metal's rhetoric and imagery.<ref name="Hill">{{cite book|last=Hill|first=Rosemary Lucy|date=January 2016|chapter=Metal and Sexism|chapter-url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/309760064|access-date=15 February 2020|title=Gender, Metal and the Media|pages=133–158|chapter-url-access=registration|doi=10.1057/978-1-137-55441-3_6|isbn=978-1-137-55440-6|s2cid=152177363 }}</ref> According to [[Robert Christgau]] in 2001, metal, along with hip-hop, have made "reflexive and violent sexism{{nbsp}}... current in the music".<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Dansby|first=Andrew|date=16 February 2001|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/critic-christgau-wraps-the-90s-249682/|title=Critic Christgau Wraps the '90s|magazine=[[Rolling Stone]]|access-date=11 February 2020}}</ref>

In response to such claims, debates in the metal press have centered on defining and contextualizing sexism. Hill claims that "understanding what counts as sexism is complex and requires critical work by fans when sexism is normalised." Citing her own research, including interviews of British female fans, she found that metal offers them an opportunity to feel liberated and genderless, albeit if assimilated into a culture that is largely neglectful of women.<ref name="Hill"/>

In 2018, ''[[Metal Hammer]]'' editor Eleanor Goodman published an article titled "Does Metal Have a Sexism Problem?" interviewing veteran industry people and artists about the plight of women in metal. Some talked about a history of difficulty receiving professional respect from male counterparts. Among those interviewed was Wendy Dio, who had worked in label, booking and legal capacities in the music industry before her marriage to and management of metal artist [[Ronnie James Dio]]. She said that after marrying Dio, her professional reputation became reduced to her marital role as his wife, and her competency was questioned. Gloria Cavalera, former manager of [[Sepultura]] and wife of the band's former frontman [[Max Cavalera]], said that since 1996, she had received misogynistic hate mail and death threats from fans and that "women take a lot of crap. This whole [[Me Too movement|#MeToo]] thing, do they think it just started? That has gone on since the pictures of the cavemen pulling girls by their hair."<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Goodman|first=Eleanor|date=12 February 2018|url=https://www.loudersound.com/features/does-metal-have-a-sexism-problem|title=Does Metal Have a Sexism Problem?|magazine=[[Metal Hammer]]|access-date=15 February 2020}}</ref>