Editing Hannah Arendt (section)

== Work ==
Arendt wrote works on [[intellectual history]] as a political theorist, using events and actions to develop insights into contemporary [[totalitarian]] movements and the threat to human freedom presented by scientific abstraction and bourgeois morality. Intellectually, she was an independent thinker, a loner, not a "joiner", separating herself from schools of thought or ideology.{{sfn|Young-Bruehl|2004|p=xxxviii}} In addition to her major texts she published anthologies, including ''[[Between Past and Future]]'' (1961),{{sfn|Arendt|1961}} ''Men in Dark Times'' (1968),{{sfn|Arendt|1968}} and ''Crises of the Republic'' (1972).{{sfn|Arendt|1972}} She also contributed to many publications, including ''[[The New York Review of Books]]'', ''[[Commonweal (magazine)|Commonweal]]'', ''[[Dissent (American magazine)|Dissent]]'' and ''[[The New Yorker]]''.{{sfn|Berkowitz|2013}} She is perhaps best known for her accounts of [[Adolf Eichmann]] and his trial,{{sfn|Arendt|2006a}} because of the intense controversy that it generated.{{sfn|Heller|2015|pp=1–32}}

=== Political theory and philosophical system ===
While Arendt never developed a systematic political theory and her writing does not easily lend itself to categorization, the tradition of thought most closely identified with Arendt is that of [[civic republicanism]], from Aristotle to [[Tocqueville]]. Her political concept is centered around [[active citizenship]] that emphasizes [[civic engagement]] and collective deliberation.{{sfn|d'Entreves|2014}} She believed that no matter how bad, government could never succeed in extinguishing human freedom, despite holding that modern societies frequently retreat from democratic freedom with its inherent disorder for the relative comfort of administrative bureaucracy. Some have claimed her political legacy is her strong defence of freedom in the face of an increasingly less than free world.{{sfn|Berkowitz|2013}} She does not adhere to a single systematic philosophy, but rather spans a range of subjects covering totalitarianism, revolution, the nature of freedom, and the faculties of thought and judgment.{{sfn|Yar|2018}}

While she is best known for her work on "dark times",{{efn|Dark Times: A phrase she took from [[Brecht]]'s poem {{lang|de|[[:de:An die Nachgeborenen|An die Nachgeborenen]]}} ("To Those Born After", 1938),{{sfn|Brecht|2018}} the first line of which reads {{lang|de|Wirklich, ich lebe in finsteren Zeiten!}} (Truly, I live in dark times!). To both Brecht and Arendt, "Dark Times" was not merely a descriptive term for perceived atrocities but an explanation of the loss of guiding principles of theory, knowledge, and explanation{{sfn|Luban|1994}}}} the nature of totalitarianism and evil, she imbued this with a spark of hope and confidence in the nature of Mankind:{{sfn|Young-Bruehl|2004|p=xxxviii}}

<blockquote>That even in the darkest of times we have the right to expect some illumination, and that such illumination might well come less from theories and concepts than from the uncertain, flickering, and often weak light that some men and women, in their lives and their works, will kindle under almost all circumstances and shed over the time span that was given to them. ''Men in Dark Times'' (1968){{sfn|Arendt|1968|p=ix}}</blockquote>

=== ''Love and Saint Augustine'' (1929) ===
{{main|Love and Saint Augustine}}
Arendt's doctoral thesis, {{lang|de|Der Liebesbegriff bei Augustin. Versuch einer philosophischen Interpretation}}{{sfn|Arendt|1929}} (''[[Love and Saint Augustine]]. Towards a philosophical interpretation''), was published in 1929 and attracted critical interest, although an English translation did not appear until 1996.{{sfn|Arendt|1996}} In this work she combined approaches of both Heidegger and Jaspers. Arendt's interpretation of love in the work of Augustine deals with three concepts, love as craving or desire (''Amor qua appetitus''), love in the relationship between man (''creatura'') and creator (''Creator – Creatura''), and neighborly love (''Dilectio proximi''). Love as craving anticipates the future, while love for the Creator deals with the remembered past. Of the three, ''dilectio proximi'' or ''[[Charity (virtue)|caritas]]''{{efn|Latin has three nouns for love: ''amor'', ''dilectio'', and ''caritas''. The corresponding verbs for the first two are ''amare'' and ''diligere''{{sfn|Augustine|1995|p=115 n.&nbsp;31}}}} is perceived as the most fundamental, to which the first two are oriented, which she treats as ''vita socialis'' (social life) – the second of the [[Great Commandments]] (or [[Golden Rule]]) "Thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself" uniting and transcending the former.{{sfn|Young-Bruehl|2004|p=74}} Augustine's influence (and Jaspers' views on his work) persisted in Arendt's writings for the rest of her life.{{sfn|Calcagno|2013}}

{{quote box|title=''Amor mundi''|align=right| quote= <poem>''Amor mundi  –  warum ist es so schwer, die Welt zu lieben?''<br />Love of the world  –  why is it so difficult to love the world?</poem>|source= —''Denktagebuch'' I: 522{{sfn|Arendt|2002a|p=522}}}}

Some of the ''[[leitmotifs]]'' of her canon were apparent, introducing the concept of {{lang|de|[[:de:Natalität|Natalität]]}} (Natality) as a key condition of human existence and its role in the development of the individual,{{sfn|Arendt|1996}}{{sfn|Beiner|1997}}{{sfn|Kiess|2016|pp=22, 40}} developing this further in ''The Human Condition'' (1958).{{sfn|Arendt|2013}}{{sfn|Fry|2014}} She explained that the construct of natality was implied in her discussion of new beginnings and Man's elation to the Creator as ''nova creatura''.{{sfn|Young-Bruehl|2004|pp=49–500}}{{sfn|Kiess|2016|pp=101ff}} The centrality of the theme of birth and renewal is apparent in the constant reference to Augustinian thought, and specifically the innovative nature of birth, from this, her first work, to her last, ''The Life of the Mind''.{{sfn|Durst|2004}}

Love is another connecting theme. In addition to the Augustinian loves expostulated in her dissertation, the phrase ''amor mundi'' (love of the world) is one often associated with Arendt and both permeates her work and was an absorbing passion throughout her work.{{sfn|Bernauer|1987a|p=1}}{{sfn|Hill|2017}} She took the phrase from Augustine's homily on the [[:s:Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers: Series I/Volume VII/First Epistle of John/Part 2|first epistle of St John]], "If love of the world dwell in us".{{sfn|Augustine|2008|loc=II: 8 p.&nbsp;45}} ''Amor mundi'' was her original title for ''The Human Condition'' (1958),{{efn|Arendt explained to Karl Jaspers, in a letter dated 6 August 1955, that she intended to use St. Augustine's concept of ''amor mundi'' as the title, as a token of gratitude{{sfn|Vollrath|1997}}}}{{sfn|Bernauer|1987|p=v}} the subtitle of Elisabeth Young-Bruehl's biography (1982),{{sfn|Young-Bruehl|2004}} the title of a collection of writing on faith in her work{{sfn|Bernauer|1987|p={{page needed|date=March 2021}}}} and is the newsletter of the Hannah Arendt Center at Bard College.{{sfn|Amor Mundi|2018}}

=== ''The Origins of Totalitarianism'' (1951) ===
{{Main|The Origins of Totalitarianism}}
Arendt's first major book, ''The Origins of Totalitarianism'' (1951),{{sfn|Arendt|1976}} examined the roots of [[Stalinism]] and [[Nazism]], structured as three essays, "Antisemitism", "Imperialism", and "Totalitarianism". Arendt argues that totalitarianism was a "novel form of government," that "differs essentially from other forms of political oppression known to us such as despotism, tyranny and dictatorship"{{sfn|Arendt|1976|p=460}} in that it applied terror to subjugate mass populations rather than just political adversaries.{{sfn|Arendt|1993a}}{{sfn|FCG|2018|loc=Introduction}} Arendt also maintained that Jewry was not the operative factor in the Holocaust, but merely a convenient proxy because Nazism was about terror and consistency, not merely eradicating Jews.{{sfn|FCG|2018|loc=Introduction}}{{sfn|Riesman|1951}} Arendt explained the tyranny using Kant's phrase "''[[radical evil]]''",{{sfn|Copjec|1996}} by which their victims became "superfluous people".{{sfn|Hattem|Hattem|2005}}{{sfn|Heller|2015|p=7}} In later editions she enlarged the text{{sfn|Arendt|1976|p=xxiv}} to include her work on "Ideology and Terror: A novel form of government"{{sfn|Arendt|1993a}} and the [[Hungarian Revolution of 1956|Hungarian Revolution]], but then published the latter separately.{{sfn|Arendt|1958}}{{sfn|Arendt|1958a}}{{sfn|Szécsényi|2005}}

Criticism of ''Origins'' has often focused on its portrayal of the two movements, Hitlerism and Stalinism, as equally tyrannical.{{sfn|Nisbet|1992}}

=== ''Rahel Varnhagen: The Life of a Jewess'' (1957) ===
{{Main|Rahel Varnhagen: The Life of a Jewess}}
[[File:Rahel Levin.png|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Rahel Varnhagen]] {{Circa|1800}}|alt=Portrait of Rahel Varnhagen in 1800]]
Arendt's {{lang|de|Habilitationsschrift}} on Rahel Varnhagen was completed while she was living in exile in Paris in 1938, but not published till 1957, in the United Kingdom by East and West Library, part of the [[Leo Baeck Institute]].{{sfn|Aschheim|2011}} This biography of a nineteenth-century Jewish socialite formed an important step in her analysis of Jewish history and the subjects of [[Jewish assimilation|assimilation]] and [[emancipation]], and introduced her treatment of the [[Jewish diaspora]] as either ''pariah'' or ''parvenu''. In addition it represents an early version of her concept of history.{{sfn|Grunenberg|2003|p=34}}{{sfn|Young-Bruehl|2004|pp=85–92}} The book is dedicated to Anne Mendelssohn, who first drew her attention to Varnhagen.{{sfn|Zebadúa Yáñez|2018}}{{sfn|Grunenberg|2017|p=107}}{{sfn|Benhabib|1995}} Arendt's relation to Varnhagen permeates her subsequent work. Her account of Varnhagen's life was perceived during a time of the destruction of German-Jewish culture. It partially reflects Arendt's own view of herself as a German-Jewish woman driven out of her own culture into a [[Statelessness|stateless]] existence,{{sfn|Grunenberg|2003|p=34}} leading to the description "biography as autobiography".{{sfn|Young-Bruehl|2004|pp=85–92}}{{sfn|Goldstein|2009}}{{sfn|Cutting-Gray|1991}}

=== ''The Human Condition'' (1958) ===
{{Main|The Human Condition (Arendt book)}}
In what is arguably her most influential work, ''[[The Human Condition (Arendt book)|The Human Condition]]'' (1958),{{sfn|Arendt|2013}} Arendt differentiates political and social concepts, labor and work, and various forms of actions; she then explores the implications of those distinctions. Her theory of political action, corresponding to the existence of a public realm, is extensively developed in this work. Arendt argues that, while human life always evolves within societies, the social part of human nature, political life, has been intentionally realized in only a few societies as a space for individuals to achieve freedom. Conceptual categories, which attempt to bridge the gap between [[ontological]] and sociological structures, are sharply delineated. While Arendt relegates labor and work to the realm of the social, she favors the human condition of action as that which is both existential and aesthetic.{{sfn|d'Entreves|2014}} Of human actions, Arendt identifies two that she considers essential. These are forgiving past wrong (or unfixing the fixed past) and promising future benefit (or fixing the unfixed future).{{sfn|Baier|1997|p=330}}

Arendt had first introduced the concept of "natality" in her ''Love and Saint Augustine'' (1929){{sfn|Arendt|1929}} and in ''The Human Condition'' starts to develop this further. In this, she departs from Heidegger's emphasis on mortality. Arendt's positive message is one of the "miracle of beginning", the continual arrival of the new to create action, that is to alter the state of affairs brought about by previous actions.{{sfn|Canovan|2013}} "Men", she wrote "though they must die, are not born in order to die but in order to begin". She defined her use of "natality" as:{{sfn|Arendt|2013|p=247}}

<blockquote>The miracle that saves the world, the realm of human affairs, from its normal, "natural" ruin is ultimately the fact of natality, in which the faculty of action is ontologically rooted. It is, in other words, the birth of new men and the new beginning, the action they are capable of by virtue of being born.</blockquote>

Natality would go on to become a central concept of her political theory, and also what Karin Fry considers its most optimistic one.{{sfn|Fry|2014}}

=== ''Between Past and Future'' (1954...1968) ===
{{Main|Between Past and Future|l1=Between Past and Future}}
''Between Past and Future'' is an anthology of eight essays written between 1954 and 1968, dealing with a variety of different but connected philosophical subjects. These essays share the central idea that humans live between the past and the uncertain future. Man must permanently think to exist, but must learn thinking. Humans have resorted to tradition, but are abandoning respect for this tradition and culture. Arendt tries to find solutions to help humans think again, since modern philosophy has not succeeded in helping humans to live correctly.{{sfn|Arendt|1961}}

=== ''On Revolution'' (1963) ===
{{main|On Revolution}}
Arendt's book ''On Revolution''{{sfn|Arendt|2006b}} presents a comparison of two of the main revolutions of the 18th century, the [[American Revolution|American]] and [[French Revolution|French]] Revolutions. She goes against a common impression of both Marxist and [[leftist]] views when she argues that France, while well-studied and often emulated, was a disaster and that the largely ignored American Revolution was a success. The turning point in the French Revolution occurred when the leaders rejected their goals of freedom to focus on compassion for the masses. In the United States, the founders never betray the goal of ''{{lang|la|Constitutio Libertatis}}''. Arendt believes the revolutionary spirit of those men had been lost, however, and advocates a "council system" as an appropriate institution to regain that spirit.{{sfn|Wellmer|1999}}

=== ''Men in Dark Times'' (1968) ===
The anthology of essays ''Men in Dark Times'' presents intellectual biographies of some creative and moral figures of the 20th century, such as [[Walter Benjamin]], [[Karl Jaspers]], [[Rosa Luxemburg]], [[Hermann Broch]], [[Pope John XXIII]], and [[Isak Dinesen]].{{sfn|Arendt|1968}}

=== ''Crises of the Republic'' (1972) ===
{{main|Crises of the Republic}}
''Crises of the Republic''{{sfn|Arendt|1972}} was the third of Arendt's anthologies, consisting of four essays. These related essays deal with contemporary American politics and the crises it faced in the 1960s and 1970s. "Lying in Politics" looks for an explanation behind the administration's deception regarding the [[Vietnam War]], as revealed in the ''[[Pentagon Papers]]''. "Civil Disobedience" examines the opposition movements, while the final "Thoughts on Politics and Revolution" is a commentary, in the form of an interview on the third essay, "On Violence".{{sfn|Arendt|1972}}{{sfn|Nott|1972}} In "On Violence" Arendt substantiates that violence presupposes power which she understands as a property of groups. Thus, she breaks with the predominant conception of power as derived from violence.

=== ''The Life of the Mind'' (1978) ===
{{main|The Life of the Mind}}
[[File:Immanuel Kant portrait c1790.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Immanuel Kant]]|alt=Portrait of Kant ]]
Arendt's last major work, ''The Life of the Mind''{{sfn|Arendt|1981}} remained incomplete at the time of her death in 1975, but marked a return to moral philosophy. The outline of the book was based on her graduate level political philosophy class, ''Philosophy of the Mind'', and her [[Gifford Lectures]] in Scotland.{{sfn|Addison|1972–1974}} She conceived of the work as a trilogy based on the mental activities of thinking, willing, and judging. Her most recent work had focused on the first two, but went beyond this in terms of ''{{lang|la|vita activa}}''. Her discussion of thinking was based on [[Socrates]] and his notion of thinking as a solitary dialogue between oneself, leading her to novel concepts of conscience.{{sfn|Ojakangas|2010a}}

Arendt died suddenly five days after completing the second part, with the first page of Judging still in her typewriter, and McCarthy then edited the first two parts and provided some indication of the direction of the third.{{sfn|Young-Bruehl|2004|p=467}}{{sfn|Mckenna|1978}} Arendt's exact intentions for the third part are unknown but she left several manuscripts (such as ''Thinking and Moral Considerations'', ''Some Questions on Moral Philosophy'' and ''Lectures on Kant's Political Philosophy'') relating to her thoughts on the mental [[Aesthetic judgment|faculty of Judging]]. These have since been published separately.{{sfn|Arendt|2009b}}{{sfn|Arendt|1992}}

=== Collected works ===
After Arendt died in 1975, her essays and notes have continued to be collected, edited and published posthumously by friends and colleagues, mainly under the editorship of Jerome Kohn, including those that give some insight into the unfinished third part of ''[[#The Life of the Mind|The Life of the Mind]]''.{{sfn|Miller|2017}} Some dealt with her Jewish identity. ''The Jew as Pariah: Jewish Identity and Politics in the Modern Age'' (1978),{{sfn|Arendt|1978}} is a collection of 15 essays and letters from the period 1943–1966 on the situation of Jews in modern times, to try and throw some light on her views on the Jewish world, following the backlash to ''Eichmann'', but proved to be equally polarizing.{{sfn|Dannhauser|1979}}{{sfn|Botstein|1983}} A further collection of her writings on being Jewish was published as ''The Jewish Writings'' (2007).{{sfn|Arendt|2009a}}{{sfn|Butler|2007}} Her work on moral philosophy appeared as ''Lectures on Kant's Political Philosophy'' (1982) and ''Responsibility and Judgment'' (2003), and her literary works as ''Reflections on Literature and Culture'' (2007).{{sfn|Miller|2017}}

Other work includes the collection of forty, largely fugitive,{{efn|Fugitive writings: Dealing with subjects of passing interest}} essays, addresses, and reviews covering the period 1930–1954, entitled ''Essays in Understanding 1930–1954: Formation, Exile, and Totalitarianism'' (1994).{{sfn|Arendt|2011}} These presaged her monumental ''The Origins of Totalitarianism'',{{sfn|Arendt|1976}} in particular ''On the Nature of Totalitarianism'' (1953) and ''The Concern with Politics in Contemporary European Philosophical Thought'' (1954).{{sfn|Teichman|1994}} However these attracted little attention. However after a new version of ''Origins of Totalitarianism'' appeared in 2004 followed by ''The Promise of Politics'' in 2005 there appeared a new interest in Arendtiana. This led to a second series of her remaining essays, ''Thinking Without a Banister: Essays in Understanding, 1953–1975'', published in 2018.{{sfn|Arendt|2018}} Her notebooks which form a series of memoirs, were published as {{lang|de|Denktagebuch}} in 2002.{{sfn|Arendt|2002a}}{{sfn|Arendt|2002b}}{{sfn|Berkowitz|Storey|2017}}

=== Poetry ===
Arendt began writing poetry in her adolescence, but it was intensly personal and few knew of the existence of her poems until her archives at the [[Library of Congress]] were made accessible by McCarthy in 1988. She began collecting them in 1923 and they were one of the few things she took with her on her flight from Berlin and escape to the United States. They remained unpublished in her lifetime, although she had typed, edited and bound them after she arrived in New York and they were rediscovered at the library by Samantha Rose Hill in 2011. The early poems that she brought with her were deposited with her papers in the library. Other later poems were found in notebooks in the [[Deutsches Literaturarchiv Marbach|German Literature Archive]], Marbach, Germany, where she had placed them just before her death in 1975. Some further poems were found in her correspondence with Heidegger, Blücher and Broch.{{sfn|Arendt|2025|loc=pp. xiii-xxx}}

It was not until 2025 that her seventy-one collected poems were first published in a bilingual German-English edition.{{sfn|Arendt|2025}}

=== Correspondence ===
Some further insight into her thinking is provided in the continuing posthumous publication of her correspondence with many of the important figures in her life, including Karl Jaspers (1992),{{sfn|Arendt|Jaspers|1992}} Mary McCarthy (1995),{{sfn|Arendt|McCarthy|1995}} Heinrich Blücher (1996),{{sfn|Arendt|Blücher|2000}} Martin Heidegger (2004),{{efn|Arendt/Heidegger: Arendt willed that her correspondence be taken to the Deutsches Literaturarchiv in Marbach in 1976 and sealed for 5 years, and Heidegger's family stipulated that it remained sealed during Martin Heidegger's wife Elfride's lifetime (1893–1992). In 1976, [[Elzbieta Ettinger]] sought access and was granted this for a planned biography after Elfride's death. The subsequent scandal following Ettinger's disclosures, led to a decision to publish the correspondence in entirety{{sfn|Kohler|1996}}{{sfn|Lilla|1999}}}}{{sfn|Arendt|Heidegger|2004}} [[Alfred Kazin]] (2005),{{sfn|Arendt|Kazin|2005}} Walter Benjamin (2006),{{sfn|Arendt|Benjamin|2006}} [[Gershom Scholem]] (2011){{sfn|Arendt|Scholem|2017}} and [[Günther Anders|Günther Stern]] (2016).{{sfn|Arendt|Anders|2016}} Other correspondences that have been published include those with women friends such as Hilde Fränkel and Anne Mendelssohnn Weil (''see'' [[#Relationships|Relationships]]).{{sfn|Arendt|2017}}{{sfn|Arendt|Benjamin|2006}}

=== Arendt and the Eichmann trial (1961–1963) ===
{{Main|Eichmann in Jerusalem}}
[[File:Adolf Eichmann at Trial1961.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Adolf Eichmann|Eichmann]] on trial in 1961]]
In 1960, on hearing of [[Adolf Eichmann|Adolf Eichmann's]] capture and plans for [[Adolf Eichmann trial|his trial]], Hannah Arendt contacted ''The New Yorker'' and offered to travel to Israel to cover it when it opened on 11 April 1961.{{sfn|Heller|2015|p=2}} Arendt was anxious to test her theories, developed in ''The Origins of Totalitarianism'', and see how justice would be administered to the sort of man she had written about. Also she had witnessed "little of the Nazi regime directly"{{efn|Arendt to Jaspers, 2 December 1960}}{{sfn|Arendt|Jaspers|1992|pp=409–10}} and this was an opportunity to witness an agent of totalitarianism first hand.{{sfn|Heller|2015|p=7}} The offer was accepted and she attended six weeks of the five-month trial with her young Israeli cousin, {{ill|Edna Brocke|de}}.{{sfn|Heller|2015|p=2}} On arrival she was treated as a celebrity, meeting with the trial chief judge, [[Moshe Landau]], and the foreign minister, [[Golda Meir]].{{sfn|Heller|2015|p=8}} In her subsequent 1963 report,{{sfn|Arendt|1963}} based on her observations and transcripts,{{sfn|Heller|2015|p=2}} and which evolved into the book ''[[Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil]]'',{{sfn|Arendt|2006a}} Arendt coined the phrase "the [[banality of evil]]" to describe the Eichmann phenomenon. She, like others,{{sfn|Gellhorn|1962}} was struck by his very ordinariness and the demeanor he exhibited of a small, slightly balding, bland bureaucrat, in contrast to the horrific crimes he stood accused of.{{sfn|Scott|2016}} He was, she wrote, "terribly and terrifyingly normal."{{sfn|Arendt|2006a|p=276}} She examined the question of whether [[evil]] is radical or simply a function of thoughtlessness, a tendency of ordinary people to obey orders and conform to mass opinion without a critical evaluation of the consequences of their actions. Arendt's argument was that Eichmann was not a monster, contrasting the immensity of his actions with the very ordinariness of the man himself. Eichmann, she stated, not only called himself a Zionist, having initially opposed the Jewish persecution, but also expected his captors to understand him. She pointed out that his actions were not driven by malice, but rather blind dedication to the regime and his need to belong, to be a "joiner."

On this, Arendt would later state "Going along with the rest and wanting to say 'we' were quite enough to make the greatest of all crimes possible".{{efn|"{{lang|de|Er wollte Wir sagen, und dies Mitmachen und dies Wir-Sagen-Wollen war ja ganz genug, um die allergrössten Verbrechen möglich zu machen.}}"}}{{sfn|Arendt|Fest|1964}} What Arendt observed during the trial was a bourgeois sales clerk who found a meaningful role for himself and a sense of importance in the Nazi movement. She noted that his addiction to clichés and use of bureaucratic morality clouded his ability to question his actions, "to think". This led her to set out her most debated dictum: "the lesson that this long course in human wickedness had taught us – the lesson of the fearsome, word-and-thought-defying banality of evil."{{sfn|Berkowitz|2013}}{{sfn|Arendt|1963}} By stating that Eichmann did not think, she did not imply lack of conscious awareness of his actions, but by "thinking" she implied reflective rationality, that was lacking.

Arendt was critical of the way the trial was conducted by the Israelis as a "show trial" with ulterior motives other than simply trying evidence and administering justice.{{sfn|NYT|1960a}}{{sfn|Heller|2015|p=8}} Arendt was also critical of the way Israel depicted Eichmann's crimes as crimes against a nation-state, rather than against humanity itself.{{sfn|Butler|2011}} She objected to the idea that a strong Israel was necessary to protect world Jewry being again placed where "they'll let themselves be slaughtered like sheep," recalling the [[Like sheep to the slaughter|biblical phrase]].{{efn|Arendt to Jaspers, 23 December 1960}}{{sfn|Arendt|Jaspers|1992|p=416}} She portrayed the prosecutor, [[Attorney General of Israel|Attorney General]] [[Gideon Hausner]], as employing hyperbolic rhetoric in the pursuit of Prime Minister [[Ben-Gurion]]'s political agenda.{{sfn|Heller|2015|pp=8–11}} Arendt, who believed she could maintain her focus on moral principles in the face of outrage, became increasingly frustrated with Hausner, describing his parade of survivors as having "no apparent bearing on the case".{{efn|A position that the judges would later agree with{{sfn|Heller|2015|p=12}}}}{{sfn|Arendt|2006a|p=207}} She was particularly concerned that Hausner repeatedly asked "why did you not rebel?"{{sfn|Arendt|2006a|p=124}} rather than question the role of the Jewish leaders.{{sfn|Heller|2015|p=12}} On this point, Arendt argued that during [[the Holocaust]] some of them cooperated with Eichmann "almost without exception" in the destruction of their own people. These leaders, notably [[Mordechai Chaim Rumkowski|M. C. Rumkowski]], constituted the Jewish Councils ([[Judenräte]]).{{sfn|Arendt|2006a|p=123}} She had expressed concerns on this point prior to the trial.{{efn|Arendt to Jaspers, 23 December 1960}}{{sfn|Arendt|Jaspers|1992|p=417}} She described this as a moral catastrophe. While her argument was not to allocate blame, rather she mourned what she considered a moral failure of compromising the imperative that it is better to suffer wrong than to do wrong. She describes the cooperation of the Jewish leaders in terms of a disintegration of Jewish morality: "This role of the Jewish leaders in the destruction of their own people is undoubtedly the darkest chapter in the whole dark story". Widely misunderstood, this caused an even greater controversy and particularly animosity toward her in the Jewish community and in Israel.{{sfn|Berkowitz|2013}} For Arendt, the Eichmann trial marked a turning point in her thinking in the final decade of her life, becoming increasingly preoccupied with [[moral philosophy]].{{sfn|Luban|2018|p=5}}

==== Reception ====
Arendt's five-part series "Eichmann in Jerusalem" appeared in ''The New Yorker'' in February 1963{{sfn|Arendt|1963}} some nine months after Eichmann was hanged on 31 May 1962. By this time his trial was largely forgotten in the popular mind, superseded by intervening world events.{{sfn|Heller|2015|p=15}} However, no other account of either Eichmann or National Socialism has aroused so much controversy.{{sfn|Stangneth|2014|p=200}} Before its publication, Arendt was considered a brilliant humanistic original political thinker.{{sfn|Heller|2015|p=1}} Her mentor, Karl Jaspers, however, had warned her about a possible adverse outcome, "The Eichmann trial will be no pleasure for you. I'm afraid it cannot go well".{{efn|Jaspers to Arendt 14 October 1960{{sfn|Arendt|Jaspers|1992|p=267}}}}{{sfn|Heller|2015|p=7}} On publication, three controversies immediately occupied public attention: the concept of Eichmann as banal, her criticism of the role of Israel and her description of the role played by the Jewish people themselves.{{sfn|Heller|2015|pp=15–18}}

Arendt was profoundly shocked by the response, writing to Karl Jaspers "People are resorting to any means to destroy my reputation ... They have spent weeks trying to find something in my past that they can hang on me". Now she was being called arrogant, heartless and ill-informed. She was accused of being duped by Eichmann, of being a "self-hating Jewess", and even an enemy of Israel.{{sfn|Maier-Katkin|2010}}{{sfn|Heller|2015|p=1}}{{sfn|Maier-Katkin|2011}} Her critics included the [[Anti-Defamation League]] and many other Jewish groups, editors of publications she was a contributor to, faculty at the universities she taught at, and friends from all parts of her life.{{sfn|Heller|2015|p=1}} Her friend Gershom Scholem, a major scholar of [[Kabbalah|Jewish mysticism]], broke off relations with her, publishing their correspondence without her permission.{{sfn|Heller|2015|pp=29–31}} Arendt was criticized by many Jewish public figures, who charged her with coldness and lack of sympathy for the victims of the Holocaust. Because of this lingering criticism, neither this book nor any of her other works were translated into Hebrew until 1999.{{sfn|Elon|2006a}} Arendt responded to the controversies in the book's postscript.

Although Arendt complained that she was being criticized for telling the truth – "what a risky business to tell the truth on a factual level without theoretical and scholarly embroidery"{{efn|Letter to McCarthy 16 September 1963}}{{sfn|Arendt|McCarthy|1995|p=146}} – the criticism was largely directed to her theorizing on the nature of mankind and evil and that ordinary people were driven to commit the inexplicable not so much by hatred and ideology as ambition, and inability to empathize. Equally problematic was the suggestion that the victims deceived themselves and complied in their own destruction.{{sfn|Heller|2015|pp=1–2}} Prior to Arendt's depiction of Eichmann, his popular image had been, as ''[[The New York Times]]'' put it "the most evil monster of humanity"{{sfn|NYT|1960}} and as a representative of "an atrocious crime, unparalleled in history", "the extermination of European Jews".{{sfn|NYT|1960a}} As it turned out Arendt and others were correct in pointing out that Eichmann's characterization by the prosecution as the architect and chief technician of the Holocaust was not entirely credible.{{sfn|Heller|2015|p=5}}

While much has been made of Arendt's treatment of Eichmann, Ada Ushpiz, in her 2015 documentary ''Vita Activa: The Spirit of Hannah Arendt'',{{sfn|Zeitgeist|2015}} placed it in a much broader context of the use of rationality to explain seemingly irrational historical events.{{efn|The title ''vita activa'' (active life) is taken from Arendt's position in ''The Human Condition'' (1958) that thinking is a form of action, and that the active life is as important as the contemplative (''vita contemplativa''){{sfn|Scott|2016}}}}{{sfn|Scott|2016}}

==== ''Kein Mensch hat das Recht zu gehorchen'' ====
{{multiple image | header = Tax offices in Bolzano, former seat of the Fascist party| align = right | direction = horizontal | total_width = 330 | float = none
|image1=Piffraderrelief Bozen 2017.jpg|caption1 =  |alt1= University of Berlin
|image2=Fassade finanzamt bozen 2018.jpg|caption2=|alt2=University of Marburg
|footer= By Day and Night. Italian Fascist monument reworked to display a version of Arendt's statement "No one has the right to obey."
}}
In an interview with [[Joachim Fest]] in 1964,{{sfn|Arendt|Fest|1964}} Arendt was asked about Eichmann's defense that he had made Kant's principle of the duty of obedience his guiding principle all his life. Arendt replied that that was outrageous and that Eichmann was misusing Kant, by not considering the element of judgement required in assessing one's own actions – "{{lang|de|Kein Mensch hat bei Kant das Recht zu gehorchen}}" (No man has, according to Kant, the right to obey), she stated, paraphrasing Kant. The reference was to Kant's {{lang|de|[[Die Religion innerhalb der Grenzen der bloßen Vernunft]]}} (Religion within the Bounds of Bare Reason 1793) in which he states:{{sfn|Kant|1838|p=125}}

<blockquote>{{lang|de|Der Satz 'man muß Gott mehr gehorchen, als den Menschen' bedeutet nur, daß, wenn die letzten etwas gebieten, was an sich böse (dem Sittengesetz unmittelbar zuwider) ist, ihnen nicht gehorcht werden darf und soll}}{{sfn|Kant|1793|p=99}} (The saying, "''We must hearken to God, rather than to man''," signifies no more than this, viz. that should any earthly legislation enjoin something immediately contradictory of the moral law, obedience is not to be rendered)</blockquote>

Kant clearly defines a higher moral duty than rendering merely unto Caesar. Arendt herself had written in her book "This was outrageous, on the face of it, and also incomprehensible, since Kant's moral philosophy is so closely bound up with man's faculty of judgment, which rules out blind obedience."{{sfn|Arendt|2006a|p=135}} Arendt's reply to Fest has since been widely quoted as {{lang|de|Niemand hat das Recht zu gehorchen}} (No one has the right to obey), changing {{lang|de|Kein Mensch}} (No person) to the more generic {{lang|de|Niemand}} (No one) and omitting the attribution {{lang|de|bei Kant}} (according to Kant), although it does encapsulate an aspect of her moral philosophy.{{sfn|Miller|2017}}{{sfn|Krieghofer|2017}}
The phrase {{lang|de|Niemand hat das Recht zu gehorchen}} has become one of her iconic images, appearing on the wall of the house in which she was born (''see'' [[#Commemorations|Commemorations]]), among other places.{{sfn|HAT|2018}} A [[fascist]] [[bas-relief]] on the [[Casa del Fascio (Bolzano)|Palazzo degli Uffici Finanziari]] (1942), in the Piazza del Tribunale,{{efn|The Palazzo degli Uffici Finanziari was originally the Casa del Fascio and the square, the Piazza [[Arnaldo Mussolini]], and was erected as the Fascist headquarters for the region. The bas-relief is by [[:it:Hans Piffrader|Hans Piffrader]]}} [[Bolzano]], Italy celebrating [[Mussolini]], reads ''Credere, Obbedire, Combattere'' (Believe, Obey, Combat).{{sfn|Obermair|2018}} In 2017, its 'Obey' meaning was altered using Arendt's original phrasing, less the attribution, projected upon it in the three official languages of the region.{{efn|[[ladin language|Ladin]], German and Italian: ''Degnu n'a l dërt de ulghè – Kein Mensch hat das Recht zu gehorchen – Nessuno ha il diritto di obbedire''}}{{sfn|Obermair|2018}}{{sfn|Invernizzi-Accetti|2017}}

The phrase has been appearing in other artistic work featuring political messages, such as the 2015 installation by Wilfried Gerstel, which has evoked the concept of resistance to dictatorship.{{sfn|DP|2017}}

=== List of selected publications ===
{{main|List of works by Hannah Arendt}}
{{refbegin|30em}}

==== Bibliographies ====
* {{cite web |last1=Heller |first1=Anne C |title=Selected Bibliography: A Life in Dark Times |work=Anne C. Heller |url=http://www.annecheller.com/test-3/ |access-date=17 August 2018 |date=23 July 2005 |ref=none |archive-date=18 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180818022417/http://www.annecheller.com/test-3/ }}
* {{cite web |last1=Kohn |first1=Jerome |title=Bibliographical Works |url=http://hac.bard.edu/about/works/ |publisher=The Hannah Arendt Center for Politics and Humanities at Bard College |date=2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180701133834/http://hac.bard.edu/about/works/ |archive-date=1 July 2018 }}, in {{harvtxt|HAC Bard|2018|ref=none}}
* {{cite web |last1=Yanase |first1=Yosuke |title=Hannah Arendt's major works |url=http://yosukeyanase.blogspot.com/2008/05/hannah-arendts-major-works.html |website=Philosophical Investigations for Applied Linguistics |access-date=26 July 2018 |date=3 May 2008 |ref=none |archive-date=26 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234122/http://yosukeyanase.blogspot.com/2008/05/hannah-arendts-major-works.html |url-status=live }}
* {{cite web |title=Arendt works |url=https://blogs.helsinki.fi/401-arendt/?page_id=41 |website=Thinking and Judging with Hannah Arendt: Political theory class |date=2010–2012 |publisher=[[University of Helsinki]] |ref=none |access-date=17 November 2018 |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308103105/https://blogs.helsinki.fi/401-arendt/?page_id=41 |url-status=live }}

==== Books ====
* {{cite thesis|last=Arendt|first=Hannah|author-link=Hannah Arendt|title=Der Liebesbegriff bei Augustin: Versuch einer philosophischen Interpretation|trans-title=On the concept of love in the thought of Saint Augustine: Attempt at a philosophical interpretation|url=https://monoskop.org/File:Arendt_Hannah_Der_Liebesbegriff_bei_Augustin_1929.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150922012947/http://monoskop.org/File:Arendt_Hannah_Der_Liebesbegriff_bei_Augustin_1929.pdf|archive-date=2015-09-22|url-status=live|type=Doctoral thesis, Department of Philosophy, [[University of Heidelberg]]|publisher=[[Julius Springer|Springer]]|location=Berlin|date=1929|language=de}}, reprinted as
** {{cite book|last1=Arendt|first1=Hannah|author-link=Hannah Arendt|author-mask=1|title=Der Liebesbegriff bei Augustin: Versuch einer philosophischen Interpretation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z7SEv6DmoDkC|year=2006|publisher=Georg Olms Verlag|isbn=978-3-487-13262-4|language=de}} [https://archive.org/details/hannah-arendt-der-liebesbegriff-bei-augustin-2006 Full text] on [[Internet Archive]]
** Also available in English as:<br />{{cite book|last=Arendt|first=Hannah|author-link=Hannah Arendt|author-mask=1|editor-last1=Scott|editor-first1=Joanna Vecchiarelli|editor-last2=Stark|editor-first2=Judith Chelius|title=Love and Saint Augustine|url=https://archive.org/details/lovesaintaugusti00aren|url-access=registration|date=1996|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]|isbn=978-0-226-02596-4}} [https://archive.org/details/hannah-arendt-love-and-saint-augustine- Full text] on [[Internet Archive]]
* {{cite book|last=Arendt|first=Hannah|author-link=Hannah Arendt|author-mask=1|editor-last=Weissberg|editor-first=Liliane|editor-link=Liliane Weissberg|title=Rahel Varnhagen: Lebensgeschichte einer deutschen Jüdin aus der Romantik|trans-title=Rahel Varnhagen: The Life of a Jewess|translator=[[Richard and Clara Winston]]|year=1997|orig-date=1938, published 1957|publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press]]|location=Baltimore|type=''[[Habilitation]]'' thesis|isbn=978-0-8018-5587-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jBRcAAAAMAAJ}} 400 pages. (''see'' [[Rahel Varnhagen (book)|Rahel Varnhagen]])
** {{Cite journal |last1=Azria |first1=Régine |title=Review of Rahel Varnhagen. La vie d'une juive allemande à l'époque du romantisme |journal=[[Archives de sciences sociales des religions]] |volume=32 |issue=64.2 |page=233 |date=1987 |type=Review|issn=0335-5985 |jstor=30129073}}
*** {{cite magazine |last1=Weissberg |first1=Liliane |author-link1=Liliane Weissberg |last2=Elon |first2=Amos |author-link2=Amos Elon |title=Hannah Arendt's Integrity |url=https://www.nybooks.com/articles/1999/06/10/hannah-arendtsintegrity/ |access-date=31 August 2018 |magazine=[[The New York Review of Books]] |date=10 June 1999 |type=Editorial letters |archive-date=31 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180831211723/https://www.nybooks.com/articles/1999/06/10/hannah-arendtsintegrity/ |url-status=live }}
** {{Cite journal |last1=Zohn |first1=Harry |title=Review of Rahel Varnhagen. The Life of a Jewess |journal=Jewish Social Studies |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=180–81 |date=1960 |issn=0021-6704 |jstor=4465809 |type=Review}}
* {{cite book|last=Arendt|first=Hannah|author-link=Hannah Arendt|author-mask=1|title=The Origins of Totalitarianism|trans-title=Elemente und Ursprünge totaler Herrschaft|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zLrKGGxBKjAC|date=1976|edition=revised|orig-date=1951, New York: [[Schocken Books|Schocken]]|publisher=[[Houghton Mifflin Harcourt]]|isbn=978-0-547-54315-4}}, (see also [[The Origins of Totalitarianism]] and [[Comparison of Nazism and Stalinism]]) [https://archive.org/details/ArendtHannahTheOriginsOfTotalitarianism1979 Full text (1979 edition)] on [[Internet Archive]]
** {{cite magazine |last1=Riesman |first1=David |author-link=David Riesman |title=The Origins of Totalitarianism, by Hannah Arendt |url=https://www.commentarymagazine.com/articles/the-origins-of-totalitarianism-by-hannah-arendt/ |access-date=17 August 2024 |magazine=[[Commentary (magazine)|Commentary]] |date=1 April 1951 |type=Review |archive-date=2 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190702054104/https://www.commentarymagazine.com/articles/the-origins-of-totalitarianism-by-hannah-arendt/ |url-status=live }}
** {{cite journal |last1=Nisbet |first1=Robert |author-link=Robert Nisbet|title=Arendt on Totalitarianism |journal=[[The National Interest]] |date=1992 |issue=27 |pages=85–91 |type=Review|jstor=42896812}}
* {{cite book|last=Arendt|first=Hannah|author-link=Hannah Arendt|author-mask=1|title=The Human Condition|edition=Second|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ARBJAgAAQBAJ|date=2013|orig-date=1958|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]|isbn=978-0-226-92457-1|access-date=21 July 2018|archive-date=3 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203182023/https://books.google.com/books?id=ARBJAgAAQBAJ|url-status=live}} (see also [[The Human Condition (Arendt book)|The Human Condition]])
* {{cite book|last=Arendt|first=Hannah|author-link=Hannah Arendt|author-mask=1|title=Die ungarische Revolution und der totalitäre Imperialismus|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RyhIAAAAMAAJ|year=1958|publisher=R. Piper & Co Verlag|location=München|language=de|ref={{harvid|Arendt|1958a}}|access-date=3 August 2018|archive-date=3 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203182012/https://books.google.com/books?id=RyhIAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last1=Arendt|first1=Hannah|author-link=Hannah Arendt|author-mask=1|title=Between Past and Future|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VZrpAgAAQBAJ|date=2006|orig-date=1961, New York: Viking|publisher=[[Penguin Publishing Group]]|isbn=978-1-101-66265-6|ref={{harvid|Arendt|1961}}|access-date=22 July 2018|archive-date=3 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203182012/https://books.google.com/books?id=VZrpAgAAQBAJ|url-status=live}} (see also [[Between Past and Future]])
* {{cite book|last=Arendt|first=Hannah|author-link=Hannah Arendt|author-mask=1|title=On Revolution|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CPnkAgAAQBAJ|date=2006b|orig-date=1963, New York: Viking|publisher=[[Penguin Publishing]] Group|isbn=978-1-101-66264-9}} (see also [[On Revolution]]) [https://archive.org/details/OnRevolution Full text] on [[Internet Archive]]
* {{cite book|last=Arendt|first=Hannah|author-link=Hannah Arendt|author-mask=1|title=Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yGoxZEdw36oC|date=2006a|orig-date=1963, [[Viking Press]], revised 1968|publisher=[[Penguin Publishing Group]]|isbn=978-1-101-00716-7}} [https://platypus1917.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/arendt_eichmanninjerusalem.pdf Full text: 1964 edition] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923034133/https://platypus1917.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/arendt_eichmanninjerusalem.pdf |date=23 September 2020 }} (see also [[Eichmann in Jerusalem]])
* {{cite book|last=Arendt|first=Hannah|author-link=Hannah Arendt|author-mask=1|title=Men in Dark Times|url=https://archive.org/details/menindarktimes0000aren|url-access=registration|year=1968|publisher=[[Harcourt Brace Jovanovich]]|location=New York|isbn=978-0-15-658890-4}}
* {{cite book|last=Arendt|first=Hannah|author-link=Hannah Arendt|author-mask=1|title=Crises of the Republic: Lying in Politics; Civil Disobedience; On Violence; Thoughts on Politics and Revolution|year=1972|publisher=[[Harcourt Brace Jovanovich]]|location=New York|isbn=978-0-15-623200-5|url=https://archive.org/details/crisesofrepublic00aren|url-access=registration}}{{efn|"Civil Disobedience" originally appeared, in somewhat different form, in ''[[The New Yorker]]''. Versions of the other essays originally appeared in ''[[The New York Review of Books]]''}} {{cite web |title=Lying in Politics |url=https://static1.squarespace.com/static/599112efcd39c3b3ad2118b0/t/59bdb6bbf7e0abb9af99c283/1505605322777/Hannah+Arendt%2C+%E2%80%9CLying+in+Politics%2C%E2%80%9D+Crises+of+the+Republic%2C+3%E2%80%9313.pdf |access-date=3 September 2018 |archive-date=4 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200404092212/https://static1.squarespace.com/static/599112efcd39c3b3ad2118b0/t/59bdb6bbf7e0abb9af99c283/1505605322777/Hannah+Arendt%2C+%E2%80%9CLying+in+Politics%2C%E2%80%9D+Crises+of+the+Republic%2C+3%E2%80%9313.pdf |url-status=live }}
** {{cite magazine |last1=Nott |first1=Kathleen |author-link=Kathleen Nott |date=1 August 1972 |title=Crises of the Republic, by Hannah Arendt |url=https://www.commentarymagazine.com/articles/crises-of-the-republic-by-hannah-arendt/ |access-date=23 July 2018 |magazine=[[Commentary (magazine)|Commentary]] |type=Review |archive-date=24 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180724032219/https://www.commentarymagazine.com/articles/crises-of-the-republic-by-hannah-arendt/ |url-status=live }}

==== Articles and essays ====
* {{cite journal |last1=Arendt |first1=Hannah |last2=Stern |first2=Günther |author-link1=Hannah Arendt |author-mask=1 |author-link2=Günther Anders |title=Rilkes Duineser Elegien |journal=Neue Schweizer Rundschau |date=1930 |volume=23 |pages=855–871 |doi=10.5169/seals-760191 |url=https://www.e-periodica.ch/cntmng?pid=alp-004:1930:0::1236 |access-date=20 September 2018 |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308014415/https://www.e-periodica.ch/cntmng?pid=alp-004:1930:0::1236 |url-status=live }} (English translation in {{harvtxt|Arendt|Stern|2007m|pp=1–23}})
* {{cite news |last1=Arendt |first1=Hannah |author-link=Hannah Arendt|author-mask=1|translator=Robert and Rita Kimber|title=Augustin und Protestantismus |trans-title=Augustine and Protestanism|work=[[Frankfurter Zeitung]] |issue=902 |date=12 April 1930a|page=1}} (reprinted in {{harvtxt|Arendt|2011|pp=24–27}})
* {{cite journal |last1=Arendt |first1=Hannah |author-link=Hannah Arendt|author-mask=1|translator=Robert and Rita Kimber|title=Philosophie und Soziologie. Anläßlich Karl Mannheims Ideologie und Utopie |trans-title=Philosophy and Sociology|journal=Die Gesellschaft |year=1930b|volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=163–176}} (reprinted in {{harvtxt|Arendt|2011|pp=28–43}})
* {{cite journal |last1=Arendt |first1=Hannah |author-link=Hannah Arendt|author-mask=1|translator=Elisabeh Young-Bruehl|title=Rezension von: Hans Weil: Die Entstehung des Deutschen Bildungsprinzips |trans-title=On the emancipation of women|journal=[[Archiv für Sozialwissenschaft und Sozialpolitik]] |date=1931 |volume=66 |pages=200–05|type=Review}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Arendt-Stern |first1=Hannah |author-link=Hannah Arendt |author-mask=1 |date=1932 |title=Aufklärung und Judenfrage |trans-title=The Enlightenment and the Jewish Question |journal=Zeitschrift für die Geschichte der Juden in Deutschland |volume=4 |issue=2/3 |pages=65–77 |language=de |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/79857100/Hannah-Arendt-Aufklarung-und-Judenfrage-1932 |access-date=22 September 2018 |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308144219/https://www.scribd.com/document/79857100/Hannah-Arendt-Aufklarung-und-Judenfrage-1932 |url-status=live }} (reprinted in {{harvtxt|Arendt-Stern|2009m|pp=3–18}})
* {{cite journal |last1=Arendt |first1=Hannah |author-link=Hannah Arendt|author-mask=1|title=Rezension über Alice Rühle-Gerstel: Das Frauenproblem in der Gegenwart. Eine psychologische Bilanz |journal=Die Gesellschaft |date=1932a |volume=10 |issue=2|pages=177–179|language=de}} (reprinted in {{harvtxt|Arendt|2011|pp=66–68}})
* {{cite news |last1=Arendt |first1=Hannah |author-link=Hannah Arendt|author-mask=1 |title=Adam-Müller-Renaissance? |work=[[:de:Kölnische Zeitung|Kölnische Zeitung]] |issue=501, 510 |date=13–17 September 1932b |language=de}} (English translation in {{harvtxt|Arendt|2007n|pp=38–45}})
* {{cite journal |last1=Arendt |first1=Hannah |author-link=Hannah Arendt|author-mask=1|title=From the Dreyfus Affair to France Today |journal=Jewish Social Studies |date=July 1942 |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=195–240 |jstor=4615201}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Arendt |first1=Hannah |author-link=Hannah Arendt |author-mask=1 |title=We refugees |journal=[[Menorah Journal]] |date=31 January 1943 |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=69–77 |url=http://www-leland.stanford.edu/dept/DLCL/files/pdf/hannah_arendt_we_refugees.pdf |access-date=10 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209085929/https://www-leland.stanford.edu/dept/DLCL/files/pdf/hannah_arendt_we_refugees.pdf |archive-date=9 February 2019 }}, reprinted in {{harvtxt|Arendt|1978a|pp=55–67}} and {{harvtxt|Robinson|1996|pp=110–19}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Arendt |first1=Hannah |author-link=Hannah Arendt|author-mask=1|title=The Jew as Pariah: A Hidden Tradition |journal=Jewish Social Studies |date=1944 |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=99–122 |jstor=4464588}} (reprinted in {{harvtxt|Arendt|2009n|pp=275–297}})
* {{cite journal |last1=Arendt |first1=Hannah |author-link=Hannah Arendt|author-mask=1|title=Totalitarian Imperialism: Reflections on the Hungarian Revolution |journal=[[The Journal of Politics]] |date=1958 |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=5–43 |doi=10.2307/2127387 |jstor=2127387 |s2cid=154428972}}
* {{cite magazine |last1=Arendt |first1=Hannah |author-link=Hannah Arendt |author-mask=1 |title=Reflections on Little Rock |journal=[[Dissent (American magazine)|Dissent]] |date=Winter 1959 |volume=6 |issue=6 |pages=45–56 |url=http://learningspaces.org/forgotten/little_rock1.pdf |access-date=3 August 2018 |archive-date=8 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908040142/http://learningspaces.org/forgotten/little_rock1.pdf }}
* {{cite magazine |last1=Arendt |first1=Hannah |author-link=Hannah Arendt |author-mask=1 |title=A reply to critics |journal=[[Dissent (American magazine)|Dissent]] |date=Spring 1959 |volume=6 |issue=7 |pages=179–81 |url=https://www.dissentmagazine.org/article/a-reply-to-critics |access-date=3 August 2018 |ref={{harvid|Arendt|1959a}} |archive-date=4 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180804014323/https://www.dissentmagazine.org/article/a-reply-to-critics |url-status=live }}
* {{cite magazine|last1=Arendt|first1=Hannah|author-link=Hannah Arendt|author-mask=1|title=Eichmann in Jerusalem. 5 parts|url=https://www.newyorker.com/contributors/hannah-arendt/page/2|date=February–March 1963|magazine=[[The New Yorker]]|access-date=11 August 2018|archive-date=11 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180811230855/https://www.newyorker.com/contributors/hannah-arendt/page/2|url-status=live}}
* {{cite magazine |last1=Arendt |first1=Hannah |author-link=Hannah Arendt |author-mask=1 |translator=[[Albert Hofstadter]] |title=Martin Heidegger at Eighty |url=https://www.nybooks.com/articles/1971/10/21/martin-heidegger-at-eighty/ |magazine=[[New York Review of Books]] |page=51 |date=21 October 1971 |access-date=15 December 2018 |archive-date=11 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511140939/https://www.nybooks.com/articles/1971/10/21/martin-heidegger-at-eighty/ |url-status=live }}

==== Correspondence ====
* {{cite book|last1=Arendt|first1=Hannah|last2=Jaspers|first2=Karl|author-link1=Hannah Arendt|author-link2=Karl Jaspers|editor-last1=Köhler|editor-first1=Lotte|editor-last2=Saner|editor-first2=Hans|translator=Robert and Rita Kimber|title=Hannah Correspondence, 1926–1969|year=1992|publisher=[[Harcourt Brace Jovanovich]]|location=New York|isbn=978-0-15-107887-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UkgoAQAAMAAJ}}
* {{cite magazine |last1=Arendt |first1=Hannah |last2=Kazin |first2=Alfred |author-link1=Hannah Arendt |author-link2=Alfred Kazin |editor1-last=Mahrdt |editor1-first=Helgard |title=The correspondence between Hannah Arendt and Alfred Kazin |magazine=[[Samtiden]] |issue=1 |date=February 2005 |pages=107–54 |url=https://www.academia.edu/1643260 |access-date=27 January 2019 |archive-date=15 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115153646/https://www.academia.edu/1643260 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book|last1=Arendt|first1=Hannah|last2=McCarthy|first2=Mary|editor-last=Brightman|editor-first=Carol|author-link1=Hannah Arendt|author-link2=Mary McCarthy (author)|title=Between friends: the correspondence of Hannah Arendt and Mary McCarthy, 1949–1975|year=1995|publisher=[[Harcourt Brace]]|isbn=978-0-15-100112-5|url=https://archive.org/details/betweenfriendsco00aren|url-access=registration}}
* {{cite book|last1=Arendt|first1=Hannah|author-link1=Hannah Arendt|last2=Blücher|first2=Heinrich|author-link2=Heinrich Blücher|editor-last=Kohler|editor-first=Lotte|translator=[[Peter Constantine]]|title=Within Four Walls: The Correspondence Between Hannah Arendt and Heinrich Blücher, 1936–1968|year=2000|orig-date=1996|publisher=[[Harcourt (publisher)|Harcourt]]|isbn=978-0-15-100303-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g8UPAQAAMAAJ}}
* {{cite book|last1=Arendt|first1=Hannah|author-link1=Hannah Arendt|last2=Heidegger|first2=Martin|author-link2=Martin Heidegger|editor-last=Ludz|editor-first=Ursula|translator=Andrew Shields|title=Briefe 1925 bis 1975 und andere Zeugnisse|trans-title=Letters, 1925–1975|year=2004|orig-date=1999 Klostermann|publisher=[[Harcourt (publisher)|Harcourt]]|location=New York|isbn=978-0-15-100525-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xmt2QgAACAAJ|access-date=10 August 2018|archive-date=3 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203182018/https://books.google.com/books?id=Xmt2QgAACAAJ|url-status=live}}
** {{cite magazine |last1=Heidegger |first1=Martin |author-link=Martin Heidegger |title=This Day in Letters: Letter to Hannah Arendt |magazine=The American Reader |date=24 April 1925 |url=http://theamericanreader.com/24-april-1925-martin-heidegger-to-hannah-arendt/ |access-date=17 December 2018 |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308072850/https://theamericanreader.com/24-april-1925-martin-heidegger-to-hannah-arendt/ |url-status=live }}
** {{cite magazine |last1=Lilla |first1=Mark |author-link=Mark Lilla |title=Ménage à Trois |magazine=[[The New York Review of Books]] |date=18 November 1999 |url=https://www.nybooks.com/articles/1999/11/18/menage-a-trois/ |type=review |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-date=3 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303113624/https://www.nybooks.com/articles/1999/11/18/menage-a-trois/ |url-status=live }}
** {{cite magazine |last1=Brightman |first1=Carol |title=The Metaphysical Couple |magazine=[[The Nation]] |date=20 May 2004 |url=https://www.thenation.com/article/metaphysical-couple/ |type=Review |access-date=17 December 2018 |archive-date=3 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403104631/https://www.thenation.com/article/metaphysical-couple/ }}
* {{cite book|last1=Arendt|first1=Hannah|author-link1=Hannah Arendt|last2=Benjamin|first2=Walter|author-link2=Walter Benjamin|editor-last1=Schöttker|editor-first1=Detlev|editor-last2=Wizisla|editor-first2=Erdmut|title=Arendt und Benjamin: Texte, Briefe, Dokumente|year=2006|publisher=[[Suhrkamp]]|isbn=978-3-518-29395-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ys-FAAAAMAAJ|language=de|access-date=10 August 2018|archive-date=3 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203182016/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ys-FAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last1=Arendt|first1=Hannah|last2=Anders|first2=Günther|author-link1=Hannah Arendt|author-link2=Günther Anders|editor-last=Putz|editor-first=Kerstin|title=Schreib doch mal 'hard facts' über dich: Briefe 1939 bis 1975|date=2016|publisher=[[C.H.Beck]]|isbn=978-3-406-69911-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fUoRDQAAQBAJ|language=de|access-date=12 September 2018|archive-date=3 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203191825/https://books.google.com/books?id=fUoRDQAAQBAJ|url-status=live}} ([https://beckassets.blob.core.windows.net/product/other/16607870/leseprobe_schreib%20doch%20mal%20hard%20facts%20%C3%BCber%20dich.pdf excerpts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308053550/https://beckassets.blob.core.windows.net/product/other/16607870/leseprobe_schreib%20doch%20mal%20hard%20facts%20%C3%BCber%20dich.pdf |date=8 March 2021 }})
** {{cite news |last=Magenau |first=Jörg |title=Die Geschiedenen: Die Frage ist, wie man überlebt: Der Briefwechsel zwischen Hannah Arendt und Günther Anders |work=[[Süddeutsche Zeitung]] |date=9 October 2016 |url=https://www.sueddeutsche.de/kultur/edition-die-geschiedenen-1.3196948 |access-date=12 September 2018 |language=de |type=Review |archive-date=12 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180912204308/https://www.sueddeutsche.de/kultur/edition-die-geschiedenen-1.3196948 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book|last=Arendt|first=Hannah|author-link1=Hannah Arendt|editor-last1=Ludz|editor-first1=Ursula|editor-last2=Nordmann|editor-first2=Ingeborg|title=Wie ich einmal ohne Dich leben soll, mag ich mir nicht vorstellen: Briefwechsel mit den Freundinnen Charlotte Beradt, Rose Feitelson, Hilde Fränkel, Anne Weil-Mendelsohn und Helen Wolff (I do not like to imagine how I should live without you: correspondence with my friends)|date=2017|publisher=Piper ebooks|isbn=978-3-492-97837-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NhJADwAAQBAJ|language=de|access-date=26 August 2018|archive-date=3 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203182659/https://books.google.com/books?id=NhJADwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last1=Arendt|first1=Hannah|author-link1=Hannah Arendt|last2=Scholem|first2=Gershom|author-link2=Gershom Scholem|editor-last1=Knott|editor-first1=Marie Louise|translator=Anthony David|title=The Correspondence of Hannah Arendt and Gershom Scholem|date=2017|orig-date=2011|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]|isbn=978-0-226-92451-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JTxCDwAAQBAJ|access-date=21 September 2018|archive-date=3 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203182600/https://books.google.com/books?id=JTxCDwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}
** {{cite magazine |last1=Aschheim |first1=Steven E. |title=Between New York and Jerusalem |magazine=[[Jewish Review of Books]] |date=Winter 2011 |url=https://jewishreviewofbooks.com/articles/78/between-new-york-and-jerusalem/ |type=Review |access-date=4 November 2018 |archive-date=13 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813032948/https://jewishreviewofbooks.com/articles/78/between-new-york-and-jerusalem/ |url-status=live }}

==== Posthumous ====
* {{cite book|last=Arendt|first=Hannah|author-link=Hannah Arendt|editor-last=McCarthy|editor-first=Mary|editor-link=Mary McCarthy (author)|year=1981|orig-date=1978|title=The Life of the Mind: The Groundbreaking Investigation on How We Think|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=98_1qCvDoAQC|publisher=[[Harcourt Brace Jovanovich]]|location=New York|isbn=978-0-15-651992-2|access-date=24 July 2018|archive-date=3 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203182700/https://books.google.com/books?id=98_1qCvDoAQC|url-status=live}} [https://pensarelespaciopublico.files.wordpress.com/2014/02/the-life-of-the-mind-hannah-arendt2.pdf Online text at ''Pensar el Espacio Público''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210113185501/https://pensarelespaciopublico.files.wordpress.com/2014/02/the-life-of-the-mind-hannah-arendt2.pdf |date=13 January 2021 }}
** {{cite journal |last1=Mckenna |first1=George |title=The Life of the Mind |journal=[[The Journal of Politics]] |date=November 1978 |volume=40 |issue=4 |pages=1086–88 |type=Review |doi=10.2307/2129914 |jstor=2129914}}
* {{cite book|last=Arendt|first=Hannah|author-link=Hannah Arendt|author-mask=1|editor-last=Feldman|editor-first=Ron H|title=The Jew as Pariah: Jewish Identity and Politics in the Modern Age|year=1978|publisher=[[Grove Press]]|isbn=978-0-394-17042-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I3ttQgAACAAJ|access-date=5 August 2018|archive-date=3 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203182600/https://books.google.com/books?id=I3ttQgAACAAJ|url-status=live}}
** {{cite book |last1=Arendt |first1=Hannah |author-mask=1 |title=We refugees |date=1978a |orig-date=1943 |url=http://www-leland.stanford.edu/dept/DLCL/files/pdf/hannah_arendt_we_refugees.pdf |access-date=10 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209085929/https://www-leland.stanford.edu/dept/DLCL/files/pdf/hannah_arendt_we_refugees.pdf |archive-date=9 February 2019 }}
** {{cite journal |last1=Botstein |first1=Leon |author-link=Leon Botstein|title=The Jew as Pariah: Hannah Arendt's Political Philosophy |journal=[[Dialectical Anthropology]] |date=1983 |volume=8 |issue=1/2 |pages=47–73 |type=Review |jstor=29790091 |doi=10.1007/bf00249042 |s2cid=169475999}}
** {{cite magazine |last1=Dannhauser |first1=Werner J. |title=The Jew as Pariah, by Hannah Arendt, edited by Ron H. Feldman |journal=[[Commentary (magazine)|Commentary]] |date=1 January 1979 |url=https://www.commentarymagazine.com/articles/the-jew-as-pariah-by-hannah-arendt-edited-by-ron-h-feldman/ |type=Review |access-date=8 August 2018 |archive-date=25 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200225013536/https://www.commentarymagazine.com/articles/the-jew-as-pariah-by-hannah-arendt-edited-by-ron-h-feldman/ |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book|last=Arendt|first=Hannah|author-link=Hannah Arendt|author-mask=1|editor-last=Beiner|editor-first=Ronald|title=Lectures on Kant's Political Philosophy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qpPeBQAAQBAJ|date=1992|orig-date=1982|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]|isbn=978-0-226-23178-5|access-date=25 July 2018|archive-date=3 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203183711/https://books.google.com/books?id=qpPeBQAAQBAJ|url-status=live}} [https://monoskop.org/images/6/61/Arendt_Hannah_Lectures_on_Kants_political_philosophy_1992.pdf Online text] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200714080439/https://monoskop.org/images/6/61/Arendt_Hannah_Lectures_on_Kants_political_philosophy_1992.pdf |date=14 July 2020 }}; [https://archive.org/details/ArendtHannahLecturesOnKantsPoliticalPhilosophy1992 text] at the [[Internet Archive]]
* {{cite book|last1=Arendt|first1=Hannah|author-link=Hannah Arendt|author-mask=1|editor-last1=Ludz|editor-first1=Ursula|editor-last2=Nordmann|editor-first2=Ingeborg|title=Denktagebuch: 1950 bis 1973|volume=1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3W0NAQAAMAAJ|year=2002a|publisher=Piper|isbn=978-3-492-04429-5|language=de}}
* {{cite book|last1=Arendt|first1=Hannah|author-link=Hannah Arendt|author-mask=1|editor-last1=Ludz|editor-first1=Ursula|editor-last2=Nordmann|editor-first2=Ingeborg|title=Denktagebuch: 1950 bis 1973|volume=2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IW4NAQAAMAAJ|year=2002b|publisher=Piper|isbn=978-3-492-04429-5|language=de}}
* {{cite book|last=Arendt|first=Hannah|author-link=Hannah Arendt|author-mask=1|editor-last1=Baehr|editor-first1=Peter|title=The Portable Hannah Arendt|url=https://archive.org/details/portablehannahar00aren|url-access=registration|date=January 2000|publisher=[[Penguin Books]]|isbn=978-0-14-026974-1}} [https://archive.org/details/hannah-arendt-the-portable-hannah-arendt Full text ] on [[Internet Archive]]
* {{cite book|last=Arendt|first=Hannah|author-link=Hannah Arendt|author-mask=1|editor-last=Kohn|editor-first=Jerome|date=2011|orig-date=1994 Harcourt Brace & Company|title=Essays in Understanding, 1930–1954: Formation, Exile, and Totalitarianism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5872U7QQl8oC |publisher=[[Knopf Doubleday]] Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-307-78703-3}}<!-- [https://archive.org/details/HannahArendtEssaysInUnderstanding19301954 Full text] on [[Internet Archive]] NO LONGER AVAILABLE-->
** {{cite book |last1=Arendt|first1=Hannah|author-mask1=1|last2=Gaus|first2=Günter|author-link2=:de:Günter Gaus|translator=[[Joan Stambaugh]]|date=2011a|orig-date=28 October 1964 |title=Was bleibt? Es bleibt die Muttersprache. Günter Gaus im Gespräch mit Hannah Arendt|trans-title="What remains? The Language remains": An interview with Günter Gaus |pages=1–23<!-- |url= https://archive.org/stream/HannahArendtEssaysInUnderstanding19301954/%5BHannah_Arendt%5D_Essays_in_Understanding%2C_1930-1954#page/n31 NO LONGER AVAILABLE-->}}
*** {{cite web|title=Was bleibt? Es bleibt die Muttersprache|date=1964-10-28|website=rbb fernsehen|publisher=Rundfunk Berlin-Brandenburg|language=de|url=https://www.rbb-online.de/zurperson/interview_archiv/arendt_hannah.html|access-date=1 October 2018|archive-date=15 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215110528/https://www.rbb-online.de/zurperson/interview_archiv/arendt_hannah.html|url-status=live}} (original German transcription)
** {{cite magazine |last1=Teichman |first1=Jenny |author-link=Jenny Teichman|date=April 1994 |title=Understanding Arendt |journal=The New Criterion |type=Review}}
* {{cite book|last=Arendt|first=Hannah|author-link=Hannah Arendt|author-mask=1|editor-last1=Ludz|editor-first1=Ursula|title=Ich will verstehen: Selbstauskünfte zu Leben und Werk; mit einer vollständigen Bibliographie|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gPTuAAAACAAJ|year=2005|publisher=Piper|isbn=978-3-492-24591-3|language=de}}
** {{cite news |last1=Arendt |first1=Hannah |author-mask1=1 |last2=Stern |first2=Günther |author-link1=Hannah Arendt |author-link2=Günther Anders |translator=Susannah Young-ah Gottlieb |year=2007m |orig-date=1930 |title=Rilkes Duineser Elegien |pages=1–23}}
** {{cite news |last1=Arendt |first1=Hannah |author-mask1=1 |title=Adam-Müller-Renaissance? |date=2007n |orig-date=1932 |pages=38–45}}
* {{cite book|last=Arendt|first=Hannah|author-link=Hannah Arendt|author-mask=1|title=Responsibility and Judgment|editor-last=Kohn|editor-first=Jerome|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vp7W56sVUeUC|date=2009b|orig-date=2003, [[Schocken Books|Schocken]]|publisher=[[Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group]]|isbn=978-0-307-54405-6}}
** {{citation|last=Arendt|first=Hannah|author-link=Hannah Arendt|author-mask=1|title=Personal responsibility under dictatorship|date=1964|url=https://grattoncourses.files.wordpress.com/2017/07/arendt-personal-responsibility-under-a-dictatorship.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180823042006/https://grattoncourses.files.wordpress.com/2017/07/arendt-personal-responsibility-under-a-dictatorship.pdf|archive-date=2018-08-23|url-status=live|pages=17–48}}
* {{cite book|last=Arendt|first=Hannah|author-link=Hannah Arendt|author-mask=1|editor-last1=Kohn|editor-first1=Jerome|editor-last2=Feldman|editor-first2=Ron H|title=The Jewish Writings|date=2009a |orig-date=2007 [[Schocken Books]] |publisher=[[Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group]]|isbn=978-0-307-49628-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RIE2KKIXhLQC}}<!-- [https://archive.org/details/HannahArendtTheJewishWritingsSchocken2007 Full text] on [[Internet Archive]] and also NO LONGER AVAILABLE--> [https://pensarelespaciopublico.files.wordpress.com/2014/02/hannah-arendt-the-jewish-writings-2007.pdf at ''Pensar el Espacio Público''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210113185504/https://pensarelespaciopublico.files.wordpress.com/2014/02/hannah-arendt-the-jewish-writings-2007.pdf |date=13 January 2021 }}
** {{cite book |last1=Arendt-Stern |first1=Hannah |author-mask1=1 |translator=John E. Woods |translator-link=John E. Woods (translator) |title=The Enlightenment and the Jewish Question|date=2009m|orig-date=1932 |pages=3–18<!-- |url=https://archive.org/stream/HannahArendtTheJewishWritingsSchocken2007/Hannah%20Arendt-The%20Jewish%20Writings-Schocken%20%282007%29#page/n77 NO LONGER AVAILABLE-->}}
** {{cite book |last1=Arendt |first1=Hannah |author-mask1=1 |title=The Jew as Pariah: A Hidden Tradition |date=2009n|orig-date=1944 |pages=275–297<!-- |url=https://archive.org/stream/HannahArendtTheJewishWritingsSchocken2007/Hannah%20Arendt-The%20Jewish%20Writings-Schocken%20%282007%29#page/n349 NO LONGER AVAILABLE-->}}
** {{cite magazine |last1=Butler |first1=Judith |author-link=Judith Butler |title='I merely belong to them': ''The Jewish Writings'' by Hannah Arendt, edited by Jerome Kohn and Ron Feldman 2007 |journal=[[London Review of Books]] |issn=0260-9592 |type=Review |date=10 May 2007 |volume=29 |issue=9 |pages=26–28 |url=https://www.lrb.co.uk/v29/n09/judith-butler/i-merely-belong-to-them |access-date=14 August 2018 |archive-date=22 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180722011702/https://www.lrb.co.uk/v29/n09/judith-butler/i-merely-belong-to-them |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book|last=Arendt|first=Hannah|author-link=Hannah Arendt|author-mask=1|editor-last1=Kohn|editor-first1=Jerome|title=Thinking Without a Banister: Essays in Understanding, 1953–1975|date=2018|publisher=[[Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group]]|isbn=978-1-101-87030-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jiadBAAAQBAJ}}
* {{Cite book |editor-last1=Hill|editor-first1=Samantha Rose|editor-last2=Grill|editor-first2=Genese|last=Arendt |first=Hannah |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e2yPEAAAQBAJ|title=What Remains: The Collected Poems of Hannah Arendt. Translated and edited |date=2025 |publisher=[[Boni & Liveright|Liveright]] Publishing |isbn=978-1-324-09053-3 }}

==== Collections ====
* {{cite web |title=The Hannah Arendt Papers |url=http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/arendthtml/arendthome.html |publisher=[[Library of Congress]] |access-date=14 August 2018 |date=2001 |ref={{harvid|LoC|2001}} |archive-date=15 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815104920/http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/arendthtml/arendthome.html |url-status=live }}
* {{cite web |title=Hannah Arendt-Archiv |url=https://www.uni-oldenburg.de/philosophie/forschung/forschungsstelle-hannah-arendt-zentrum/hannah-arendt-archiv/ |publisher=Institut für Philosophie: [[Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg]] |access-date=27 August 2018 |language=de |date=2018 |ref={{harvid|HAArchiv|2018}} }}
* {{cite web |title=Hannah Arendt (publications) |url=https://archive.org/search.php?query=subject%3A%22Hannah+Arendt%22&page=2 |website=Internet Archive |access-date=13 October 2018 }}

==== Miscellaneous ====
* {{cite book|last=Arendt|first=Hannah|author-link=Hannah Arendt|editor-last=Fischer-Defoy|editor-first=Christine|title=Hannah Arendt: das private Adressbuch 1951–1975|year=2007b|publisher=Koehler & Amelang|isbn=978-3-7338-0357-5|language=de|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=beoPAQAAIAAJ}}
** {{cite journal |last1=Ludz |first1=Ursula |date=May 2008b |title=Gut gestaltet, unterhaltsam, aber nicht zuverlässig – das kürzlich erschienene Arendt-Adressbuch |volume=4 |issue=1 |website=HannahArendt.net |doi=10.57773/hanet.v4i1.143 |type=Review |language=de |url=http://www.hannaharendt.net/index.php/han/article/view/143/252 |access-date=26 August 2018 |archive-date=26 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826113333/http://www.hannaharendt.net/index.php/han/article/view/143/252 |url-status=live }}
** {{cite journal|last1=Arendt|first1=Hannah|author-link1=Hannah Arendt|author-mask1=1|last2=Fest|first2=Joachim|author-link2=Joachim Fest|translator=Andrew Brown|title=Eichmann war von empörender Dummheit: Hannah Arendt im Gespräch mit Joachim Fest|website=HannahArendt.net|volume=3|issue=1|trans-title=Eichmann was outrageously stupid: Hannah Arendt in conversation with Joachim Fest|url=http://www.hannaharendt.net/index.php/han/article/view/114/194|date=9 November 1964|publisher=[[Südwestrundfunk|SWR]] TV|location=Germany|doi=10.57773/hanet.v3i1.114|language=de, en|access-date=3 December 2018|archive-date=18 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218040231/http://www.hannaharendt.net/index.php/han/article/view/114/194|url-status=live}} [http://www.arendtcenter.it/en/2016/12/10/hannah-arendt-im-gesprach-mit-joachim-fest/ (Original video)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215110737/http://www.arendtcenter.it/en/2016/12/10/hannah-arendt-im-gesprach-mit-joachim-fest/ |date=15 February 2020 }}
* {{cite web |last1=Arendt |first1=Hannah |author-link=Hannah Arendt |author-mask=1 |title=Sonning Prize acceptance speech |url=http://miscellaneousmaterial.blogspot.com/2011/08/hannah-arendt-sonning-prize-acceptance.html |website=Miscellaneous Material |access-date=25 October 2018 |location=Copenhagen |date=18 April 1975a |archive-date=18 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418133521/http://miscellaneousmaterial.blogspot.com/2011/08/hannah-arendt-sonning-prize-acceptance.html |url-status=live }}, reprinted as the Prologue in {{harvtxt|Arendt|2009b|pp=3–16}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Arendt |first1=Hannah |author-link=Hannah Arendt |author-mask=1 |title=Jewish Cultural Reconstruction Field Reports, 1948–1951, No.&nbsp;18 |date=15 February – 10 March 1950 |website=Key Documents of German-Jewish History |publisher=Institut für die Geschichte der deutschen Juden (IGdJ), [[Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft]] (DFG) |location=Hamburg |doi=10.23691/jgo:source-126.en.v1 |url=https://jewish-history-online.net/source/jgo:source-126 |access-date=7 March 2019 |archive-date=15 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190415202413/https://jewish-history-online.net/source/jgo:source-126 |url-status=live }}
{{refend}}