Editing Funk (section)

== Derivatives ==
From the early 1970s onwards, funk has developed various subgenres. While George Clinton and the Parliament were making a harder variation of funk, bands such as [[Kool and the Gang]], [[Ohio Players]] and [[Earth, Wind and Fire]] were making disco-influenced funk music.<ref>Presence and pleasure: the funk grooves of James Brown and Parliament, p. 4</ref> [[Amadou & Mariam]] also produced music that blended traditional Malian sounds with rock guitars, Syrian violins, Cuban trumpets, Egyptian ney, Indian tablas, and Dogon percussion. These elements were called "[[Afrobeat|Afro]]-Funk".<ref>{{Cite web|last=Aïnouz|first=Abigaïl|date=2017-04-07|title=Amadou & Mariam sont de retour avec une mixtape afro-disco-funk|url=https://www.lesinrocks.com/musique/amadou-mariam-sont-de-retour-avec-une-mixtape-afro-disco-funk-52287-07-04-2017/|access-date=2025-04-12|website=www.lesinrocks.com|language=fr-FR}}</ref>

=== Funk rock ===
{{Main|Funk rock}}
Funk rock (also written as ''funk-rock'' or ''funk/rock'') [[Fusion (music)|fuses]] funk and [[rock music|rock]] elements.<ref>{{cite conference|last=Vincent|first=Rickey|title=Hip-Hop and Black Noise:Raising Hell|book-title=That's the Joint!: The Hip-hop Studies Reader|pages=489–490|year=2004 | isbn=0-415-96919-0 }}</ref> Its earliest incarnation was heard in the late 1960s through the mid-1970s by musicians such as [[Jimi Hendrix]], [[Frank Zappa]], [[Gary Wright]], [[David Bowie]], [[Mother's Finest]], and [[Funkadelic]] on their earlier albums.

Many instruments may be incorporated into funk rock, but the overall sound is defined by a definitive [[Bass guitar|bass]] or [[drum]] beat and [[electric guitar]]s.  The bass and drum rhythms are influenced by funk music but with more intensity, while the guitar can be funk- or rock-influenced, usually with [[distortion (guitar)|distortion]]. [[Prince (musician)|Prince]], [[Jesse Johnson (musician)|Jesse Johnson]], [[Red Hot Chili Peppers]] and [[Fishbone]] are major artists in funk rock.

===Avant-funk===
{{main|Avant-funk}}
The term "avant-funk" has been used to describe acts who combined funk with [[art rock]]'s concerns.<ref name="new"/> [[Simon Frith]] described the style as an application of [[progressive rock]] mentality to rhythm rather than melody and harmony.<ref name="new">{{cite web|last1=Reynolds|first1=Simon|title=End of the Track|url=http://reynoldsretro.blogspot.com/2013/05/end-of-track-albums-round-up-column-new.html|website=[[New Statesman]]|access-date=March 5, 2017}}</ref> [[Simon Reynolds]] characterized avant-funk as a kind of [[psychedelia]] in which "oblivion was to be attained not through rising above the body, rather through immersion in the physical, self loss through animalism."<ref name="new"/>

[[File:Talking Heads band1.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|[[Talking Heads]] combined funk with elements of [[art rock]].]]

Acts in the genre include German [[krautrock]] band [[Can (band)|Can]]<ref name="melody">{{cite news|last1=Reynolds|first1=Simon|title=Krautrock Reissues|url=http://reynoldsretro.blogspot.com/2013/03/krautrock-melody-maker-july-1996-by.html|access-date=March 5, 2017|work=[[Melody Maker]]|date=1995}}</ref> and American funk artists [[Sly Stone]] and [[George Clinton (funk musician)|George Clinton]].<ref name="billboard">{{cite news|title=Passings|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1BMEAAAAMBAJ&q=%22avant-funk%22+sly+stone&pg=RA1-PA39|access-date=March 5, 2017|work=[[Billboard Magazine|Billboard]]|date = December 25, 2004|issue=116|publisher=Nielsen}}</ref> A wave of early 1980s UK and US [[post-punk]] artists (including [[Public Image Ltd]], [[Talking Heads]], [[the Pop Group]], [[Gang of Four (band)|Gang of Four]], [[Bauhaus (band)|Bauhaus]], [[Cabaret Voltaire (band)|Cabaret Voltaire]], [[Defunkt]], [[A Certain Ratio]], and [[23 Skidoo (band)|23 Skidoo]])<ref name="energy">{{cite book|last1=Reynolds|first1=Simon|title=Energy Flash: A Journey Through Rave Music and Dance Culture|date=2012|publisher=Soft Skull Press|pages=20, 202|isbn=9781593764777|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o5wGKnxoTAwC&q=disco+%22avant-funk%22|access-date=March 5, 2017}}{{Dead link|date=May 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> embraced black dance music styles such as disco and funk.<ref name="rip">{{cite book|last1=Reynolds|first1=Simon|title=Rip It Up and Start Again: Postpunk 1978-1984|date=2006|publisher=Penguin|isbn=9780143036722|url=https://archive.org/details/ripitupstartagai00reyno|url-access=registration|quote=avant-funk sly stone.}}</ref> The artists of the late 1970s New York [[no wave]] scene also explored avant-funk, influenced by figures such as [[Ornette Coleman]].<ref name="murray">{{cite book|last1=Murray|first1=Charles Shaar|title=Crosstown Traffic: Jimi Hendrix & The Post-War Rock 'N' Roll Revolution|date=October 1991|publisher=Macmillan|page=205|isbn=9780312063245|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CiWtlIxnQ6gC&q=avant-funk+no+wave&pg=PA205|access-date=March 6, 2017}}</ref> Reynolds noted these artists' preoccupations with issues such as [[Social alienation|alienation]], [[Social repression|repression]] and technocracy of Western [[modernity]].<ref name="new"/>

===Go-go===
{{Main|Go-go}}
Go-go originated in the [[Washington, D.C.]], area with which it remains associated, along with other spots in the Mid-Atlantic. Inspired by singers such as [[Chuck Brown]], the "Godfather of Go-go", it is a blend of funk, [[rhythm and blues]], and early [[hip hop music|hip hop]], with a focus on lo-fi percussion instruments and in-person [[jam band|jamming]] in place of [[Sampling (music)|dance tracks]].  As such, it is primarily a dance music with an emphasis on live audience [[call and response]].  Go-go rhythms are also incorporated into street percussion.

=== Boogie ===
{{Main|Boogie (genre)}}
Boogie is an electronic music mainly influenced by funk and post-disco. The minimalist approach of boogie, consisting of synthesizers and keyboards, helped to establish electro and house music.  Boogie, unlike electro, emphasizes the slapping techniques of bass guitar but also bass synthesizers. Artists include [[Vicky D|Vicky "D"]], [[Komiko]], [[Peech Boys]], [[Kashif (musician)|Kashif]], and later [[Evelyn King (singer)|Evelyn King]].

=== Electro funk ===
{{Main|Electro funk}}
Electro funk is a hybrid of electronic music and funk. It essentially follows the same form as funk, and retains funk's characteristics, but is made entirely (or partially) with a use of electronic instruments such as the [[TR-808]]. [[Vocoder]]s or [[talkbox]]es were commonly implemented to transform the vocals. The pioneering electro band [[Zapp (band)|Zapp]] commonly used such instruments in their music. [[Bootsy Collins]] also began to incorporate a more electronic sound on [[What's Bootsy Doin'?|later solo albums]]. Other artists include [[Herbie Hancock]], [[Afrika Bambaataa]], [[Egyptian Lover]], [[Vaughan Mason & Crew]], [[Midnight Star (band)|Midnight Star]] and [[Cybotron (American band)|Cybotron]].

=== Funk metal ===
{{Main|Funk metal}}
Funk metal (sometimes typeset differently such as ''funk-metal'') is a [[fusion genre]] of [[music]] which emerged in the 1980s, as part of the [[alternative metal]] movement. It typically incorporates elements of funk and [[heavy metal music|heavy metal]] (often [[thrash metal]]), and in some cases other styles, such as [[hardcore punk|punk]] and [[experimental rock|experimental]] music. It features hard-driving heavy metal [[guitar]] riffs, the pounding [[bass guitar|bass]] rhythms characteristic of funk, and sometimes [[hip hop music|hip hop]]-style [[rhyme]]s into an [[alternative rock]] approach to songwriting. A primary example is the all-African-American rock band [[Living Colour]], who have been said to be "funk-metal pioneers" by ''[[Rolling Stone]]''.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Fricke|first=David|title=Living Colour – Collideoscope|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/artists/livingcolour/albums/album/290616/review/6209668/collideoscope|magazine=[[Rolling Stone]]|access-date=December 11, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090412062112/http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/livingcolour/albums/album/290616/review/6209668/collideoscope|archive-date=April 12, 2009|date=November 13, 2003|url-status=dead|quote=Black-funk-metal pioneers return in righteous form when black-rock warriors Living Colour broke up in 1995,}}</ref> During the late 1980s and early 1990s, the style was most prevalent in [[California]] – particularly [[Los Angeles]] and [[San Francisco]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=Primus: Nice and Cheesy |journal=Hot Metal |location=Sydney, Australia |last=Potter |first=Valerie |date=July 1991 |volume=29}}</ref><ref name="Spin Jan 91">{{cite journal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z9fMwxwJ7tkC&pg=PA39 |page=39 |title=The Thrash-Funk scene proudly presents Primus |last1=Darzin |first1=Daina |last2=Spencer |first2=Lauren |journal=[[Spin (magazine)|Spin]] |date=January 1991 |volume=6 |number=10}}</ref>

=== G-funk ===
{{Main|G-funk}}
[[File:Dr. Dre in 2011.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Dr. Dre (pictured in 2011) was one of the influential creators of G-funk.]]
G-funk is a [[fusion genre]] of music which combines [[gangsta rap]] and funk. It is generally considered to have been invented by West Coast rappers and made famous by [[Dr. Dre]]. It incorporates multi-layered and melodic synthesizers, slow hypnotic grooves, a deep bass, background female vocals, the extensive sampling of P-Funk tunes, and a high-pitched portamento saw wave synthesizer lead. Unlike other earlier rap acts that also utilized funk samples (such as [[EPMD]] and [[the Bomb Squad]]), G-funk often used fewer, unaltered samples per song.

=== Timba funk ===
{{Main|Timba}}
[[Timba]] is a form of funky Cuban popular dance music. By 1990, several Cuban bands had incorporated elements of funk and hip-hop into their arrangements, and expanded upon the instrumentation of the traditional conjunto with an American drum set, saxophones and a two-keyboard format. Timba bands like La Charanga Habanera or Bamboleo often have horns or other instruments playing short parts of tunes by [[Earth, Wind and Fire]], [[Kool and the Gang]] or other U.S. funk bands.  While many funk motifs exhibit a [[clave (rhythm)|clave]]-based structure, they are created intuitively, without a conscious intent of aligning the various parts to a [[bell pattern|guide-pattern]]. Timba incorporates funk motifs into an overt and intentional clave structure.