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==References== {{reflist|refs= <ref name="webster">Entry for [https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/fat "fat"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725084302/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/fat |date=2020-07-25}} in the online Merriam-Webster disctionary, sense 3.2. Accessed on 2020-08-09</ref> <ref name="bda0000">{{cite web|title=Food Fact Sheet - Cholesterol|url=http://www.bda.uk.com/foodfacts/cholesterol.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101122215655/http://www.bda.uk.com/foodfacts/cholesterol.pdf |archive-date=2010-11-22 |url-status=live|publisher=British Dietetic Association|access-date=3 May 2012}}</ref> <ref name="fphuk0000">{{cite web | url = http://www.fph.org.uk/uploads/ps_fat.pdf | title = Position Statement on Fat | author = Faculty of Public Health of the Royal Colleges of Physicians of the United Kingdom | access-date=2011-01-25}}</ref> <ref name="hong0000">{{cite web | url = https://www.chp.gov.hk/en/static/100023.html | title = Know More about Fat | publisher = Hong Kong's [[Department of Health (Hong Kong)|Department of Health]] | access-date = 2019-09-24}}</ref> <ref name="hprot0000">{{Cite web|url=http://www.proteinatlas.org/humanproteome/adipose|title=The human proteome in adipose - The Human Protein Atlas|website=www.proteinatlas.org|access-date=2017-09-12}}</ref> <ref name="india0000">{{cite web | url = https://www.nhp.gov.in/healthlyliving/healthy-diet | title = Health Diet | publisher = India's [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]] | access-date = 2019-09-24 | archive-date = 2016-08-06 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160806032305/https://www.nhp.gov.in/healthlyliving/healthy-diet}}</ref> <ref name="irhf0000">{{cite web | title = Cholesterol | url = http://www.irishheart.ie/iopen24/cholesterol-t-7_20_87.html | access-date = 2011-02-28 | publisher = Irish Heart Foundation}}</ref> <ref name="khan0000">{{cite web |url=http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/fat-and-protein-metabolism/v/introduction-to-energy-storage | title = Introduction to Energy Storage | publisher = [[Khan Academy]]}}</ref> <ref name="mejo0000">{{Cite web|url=https://mejorandomishabitos.es/dieta-detox/|title=DIETA DETOX ✅ QUÉ ES Y SUS 13 PODEROSOS BENEFICIOS|date=October 24, 2019}}</ref> <ref name="newz0000">{{cite web | url = https://www.health.govt.nz/system/files/documents/publications/eating-activity-guidelines-for-new-zealand-adults-oct15_0.pdf | title = Eating and Activity Guidelines for New Zealand Adults | publisher = New Zealand's [[Ministry of Health (New Zealand)|Ministry of Health]] | access-date = 2019-09-24}}</ref> <ref name="nhsuk0000">{{cite web |title=Lower your cholesterol |url=http://www.nhs.uk/livewell/healthyhearts/pages/cholesterol.aspx |publisher=[[National Health Service]] |access-date=2012-05-03 |archive-date=2009-09-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902131805/http://www.nhs.uk/livewell/healthyhearts/pages/cholesterol.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="self0000">{{cite web|url=http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/fats-and-oils/620/2|title=Vegetable oil, avocado Nutrition Facts & Calories |website=nutritiondata.self.com}}</ref> <ref name="sing0000">{{cite web | url = https://www.healthhub.sg/live-healthy/458/Getting%20the%20Fats%20Right | title = Getting the Fats Right! | publisher = Singapore's [[Ministry of Health (Singapore)|Ministry of Health]] | access-date = 2019-09-24}}</ref> <ref name="sydn0000">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ramsden CE, Zamora D, Leelarthaepin B, Majchrzak-Hong SF, Faurot KR, Suchindran CM, Ringel A, Davis JM, Hibbeln JR | title = Use of dietary linoleic acid for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease and death: evaluation of recovered data from the Sydney Diet Heart Study and updated meta-analysis | journal = BMJ | volume = 346 | pages = e8707 | date = February 2013 | pmid = 23386268 | pmc = 4688426 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.e8707}}</ref> <ref name="who0000">World Health Organization: ''[[Food pyramid (nutrition)#Food pyramid published by the WHO and FAO|Food pyramid (nutrition)]]''</ref> <ref name="usda0000r">{{cite web | url = https://health.gov/dietaryguidelines/2015/resources/DGA_Cut-Down-On-Saturated-Fats.pdf | title = Cut Down on Saturated Fats | publisher = [[United States Department of Health and Human Services]] | access-date = 2019-09-24}}</ref> <ref name="nhsuk0000v">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nhs.uk/live-well/eat-well/eat-less-saturated-fat/|title=How to eat less saturated fat - NHS|date=April 27, 2018|website=nhs.uk}}</ref> <ref name="bhfuk0000w">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bhf.org.uk/informationsupport/support/healthy-living/healthy-eating/fats-explained|title=Fats explained|website=British Heart Foundation}}</ref> <ref name="htuk0000xd">{{cite web | title=Fats explained | url=https://www.heartuk.org.uk/downloads/factsheets/fats-explained.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190221000138/https://www.heartuk.org.uk/downloads/factsheets/fats-explained.pdf |archive-date=2019-02-21 |url-status=live | website=HEART UK – The Cholesterol Charity | access-date=20 February 2019}}</ref> <ref name="nhsuk0000xe">{{cite web | title=Live Well, Eat well, Fat: the facts | url=https://www.nhs.uk/live-well/eat-well/different-fats-nutrition/ | website=NHS | date=27 April 2018 | access-date=20 February 2019}}</ref> <ref name="india0000xf">{{cite web | title=Dietary Guidelines for Indians - A Manual | url=http://ninindia.org/DietaryGuidelinesforNINwebsite.pdf | website=Indian Council of Medical Research, National Institute of Nutrition | access-date=2019-02-20 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181222101538/http://www.ninindia.org/DietaryGuidelinesforNINwebsite.pdf | archive-date=2018-12-22}}</ref> <ref name="gran1970">{{Citation | title=Comparison of effects of palmitic and stearic acids in the diet on serum cholesterol in man. | url=http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/reprint/23/9/1184.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303181348/http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/reprint/23/9/1184.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-03 |url-status=live | work=Am J Clin Nutr | volume=23 | issue=9 | pages=1184–93 | year=1970 | doi=10.1093/ajcn/23.9.1184 | pmid=5450836 | vauthors=Grande F, Anderson JT, Keys A}}</ref> <ref name="nrc1974">{{cite book |title=Fat content and composition of animal products: proceedings of a symposium, Washington, D.C., December 12-13, 1974 | date = 1976 | publisher = National Academy of Sciences|location=Washington|isbn=978-0-309-02440-2 | url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK216535/ | pmid = 25032409 | author1 = National Research Council (US) Board on Agriculture and Renewable Resources}}</ref> <ref name="zamp1994">{{Citation | title=The effect of triacylglycerol fatty acids positional distribution on postprandial plasma metabolite and hormone responses in normal adult men. | work=Br J Nutr | volume=71 | issue=3 | pages=401–10 | year=1994 | doi=10.1079/bjn19940147 | pmid=8172869 | vauthors=Zampelas A, Williams CM, Morgan LM, etal | doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="nest1995">{{Citation | title=Effect on plasma lipids of interesterifying a mix of edible oils. | url=http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/reprint/62/5/950.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303224348/http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/reprint/62/5/950.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-03 |url-status=live | work=Am J Clin Nutr | volume=62 | issue=5 | pages=950–55 | year=1995 | doi=10.1093/ajcn/62.5.950 | pmid=7572740 | vauthors=Nestel PJ, Noakes M, Belling GB, etal}}</ref> <ref name="zock1995">{{Citation | title=Positional distribution of fatty acids in dietary triglycerides: effects on fasting blood lipoprotein concentrations in humans. | url=http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/reprint/61/1/48.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303213503/http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/reprint/61/1/48.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-03 |url-status=live | work=Am J Clin Nutr | volume=61 | issue=1 | pages=48–551 | year=1995 | doi=10.1093/ajcn/61.1.48 | pmid=7825538 | vauthors=Zock PJ, de Vries JH, de Fouw NJ, Katan MB | hdl=1871/11621| hdl-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="stor1996">{{cite journal | vauthors = Storlien LH, Baur LA, Kriketos AD, Pan DA, Cooney GJ, Jenkins AB, Calvert GD, Campbell LV | display-authors = 6 | title = Dietary fats and insulin action | journal = Diabetologia | volume = 39 | issue = 6 | pages = 621–31 | date = June 1996 | pmid = 8781757 | doi = 10.1007/BF00418533 | s2cid = 33171616}}</ref> <ref name="uksi1996">Government of the United Kingdom (1996): "[http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1996/1499/schedule/7/made Schedule 7: Nutrition labelling] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130317110033/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1996/1499/schedule/7/made |date=2013-03-17}}". In ''[http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1996/1499/contents/made Food Labelling Regulations 1996] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921164025/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1996/1499/contents/made |date=2013-09-21}}''. Accessed on 2020-08-09.</ref> <ref name="clarke1997">{{cite journal |vauthors=Clarke R, Frost C, Collins R, Appleby P, Peto R | title = Dietary lipids and blood cholesterol: quantitative meta-analysis of metabolic ward studies | journal = BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.) | volume = 314 | issue = 7074 | pages = 112–7 | year = 1997 | pmid = 9006469 | pmc = 2125600 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.314.7074.112}}</ref> <ref name="meij1997">{{Citation | title=Interesterification of fats in margarine: effect on blood lipids, blood enzymes and hemostasis parameters. | work=Eur J Clin Nutr | volume=51 | issue=8 | pages=527–34 | year=1997 | doi=10.1038/sj.ejcn.1600437 | pmid=11248878 | vauthors=Meijer GW, Weststrate JA | doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="summ1999">{{Citation | title=Use of structured triacylglycerols containing predominantly stearic and oleic acids to probe early events in metabolic processing of dietary fat | url=http://www.jlr.org/cgi/reprint/40/10/1890.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200104204456/http://www.jlr.org/cgi/reprint/40/10/1890.pdf |archive-date=2020-01-04 |url-status=live | work=J Lipid Res | volume=40 | issue=10 | pages=1890–98 | year=1999 | pmid=10508209 | vauthors=Summers LK, Fielding BA, Herd SL, etal}}</ref> <ref name="chris2000b">{{Citation | title=Substituting enzymically interesterified butter for native butter has no effect on lipemia or lipoproteinemia in man | journal=Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism | volume=44 | issue=2 | pages=61–67 | year=2000 | doi=10.1159/000012822 | pmid=10970994 | vauthors=Christophe AB, De Greyt WF, Delanghe JR, Huyghebaert AD| s2cid=22276158}}</ref> <ref name="fbhu2001">Frank B. Hu, JoAnn E. Manson, and Walter C. Willett (2001): "Types of dietary fat and risk of coronary heart disease: A critical review". ''Journal of the American College of Nutrition'', volume 20, issue 1, pages 5-19. {{doi | 10.1080/07315724.2001.10719008}}</ref> <ref name="hoop2001">Lee Hooper, Carolyn D. Summerbell, Julian P. T. Higgins, Rachel L. Thompson, Nigel E. Capps, George Davey Smith, Rudolph A. Riemersma, and Shah Ebrahim (2001): "Dietary fat intake and prevention of cardiovascular disease: systematic review". ''The BMJ'', volume 322, pages 757-. {{doi | 10.1136/bmj.322.7289.757}}</ref> <ref name="hunch2001">{{cite journal | vauthors = Huncharek M, Kupelnick B | title = Dietary fat intake and risk of epithelial ovarian cancer: a meta-analysis of 6,689 subjects from 8 observational studies | journal = Nutrition and Cancer | volume = 40 | issue = 2 | pages = 87–91 | year = 2001 | pmid = 11962260 | doi = 10.1207/S15327914NC402_2 | s2cid = 24890525}}</ref> <ref name="pala2001">{{cite journal |vauthors=Pala V, Krogh V, Muti P, Chajès V, Riboli E, Micheli A, Saadatian M, Sieri S, Berrino F | title = Erythrocyte membrane fatty acids and subsequent breast cancer: a prospective Italian study | journal = Journal of the National Cancer Institute | volume = 93 | issue = 14 | pages = 1088–95 | date = July 2001 | pmid = 11459870 | doi = 10.1093/jnci/93.14.1088 | doi-access = free}}</ref> <ref name="ylij2001">{{Citation | title=Effects of palm oil and transesterified palm oil on chylomicron and VLDL triacylglycerol structures and postprandial lipid response. | url=http://www.jlr.org/cgi/reprint/42/10/1618.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200104204443/http://www.jlr.org/cgi/reprint/42/10/1618.pdf |archive-date=2020-01-04 |url-status=live | work=J Lipid Res | volume=42 | issue=10 | pages=1618–25 | year=2001 | pmid=11590218 | vauthors=Yli-Jokipii K, Kallio H, Schwab U, etal}}</ref> <ref name="reec2002">{{Cite book |last1=Reece, Jane |url=https://archive.org/details/biologyc00camp/page/69 |title=Biology |last2=Campbell, Neil |publisher=Benjamin Cummings |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-8053-6624-2 |location=San Francisco |pages=[https://archive.org/details/biologyc00camp/page/69 69–70] |url-access=registration}}</ref> <ref name="mann2003">{{cite journal |vauthors=Männistö S, Pietinen P, Virtanen MJ, Salminen I, Albanes D, Giovannucci E, Virtamo J | title = Fatty acids and risk of prostate cancer in a nested case-control study in male smokers | journal = Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention | volume = 12 | issue = 12 | pages = 1422–8 | date = December 2003 | pmid = 14693732 | url = http://cebp.aacrjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=14693732}}</ref> <ref name="mens2003">{{Citation | title=Effects of dietary fatty acids and carbohydrates on the ratio of serum total to HDL cholesterol and on serum lipids and apolipoproteins: a meta-analysis of 60 controlled trials. | url=http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/reprint/77/5/1146.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040214023139/http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/reprint/77/5/1146.pdf |archive-date=2004-02-14 |url-status=live | work=Am J Clin Nutr | volume=77 | issue=5 | pages=1146–1155 | year=2003 | doi=10.1093/ajcn/77.5.1146 | pmid=12716665 | vauthors=Mensink RP, Zock PL, Kester AD, Katan MB| doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="who2003k">{{cite web | url =https://www.who.int/hpr/NPH/docs/who_fao_expert_report.pdf | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20030404172324/http://www.who.int/hpr/NPH/docs/who_fao_expert_report.pdf | archive-date =April 4, 2003 | title = Diet, Nutrition and the Prevention of Chronic Diseases | publisher = World Health Organization | author = Report of a Joint WHO/FAO Expert Consultation | year = 2003 | access-date = 2011-03-11}}</ref> <ref name="who2003s">{{cite book |url= http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/42665/1/WHO_TRS_916.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130421132456/http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/42665/1/WHO_TRS_916.pdf |archive-date=2013-04-21 |url-status=live |title= Diet, Nutrition and the Prevention of Chronic Diseases (WHO technical report series 916) |publisher= World Health Organization |author = Joint WHO/FAO Expert Consultation |year= 2003 |pages=81–94 |isbn= 978-92-4-120916-8 |access-date = 2016-04-04}}</ref> <ref name="bray2004">George A. Bray, Sahasporn Paeratakul, Barry M. Popkin (2004): "Dietary fat and obesity: a review of animal, clinical and epidemiological studies". ''Physiology & Behavior'', volume 83, issue 4, pages 549-555. {{doi | 10.1016/j.physbeh.2004.08.039}}</ref> <ref name="cdc2004">{{cite web | url = https://www.cdc.gov/od/oc/media/mmwrnews/n040206.htm#mmwr2 | title = Trends in Intake of Energy, Protein, Carbohydrate, Fat, and Saturated Fat — United States, 1971–2000 | publisher = [[Centers for Disease Control]] | year = 2004 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081201152506/http://www.cdc.gov/od/oc/media/mmwrnews/n040206.htm#mmwr2 | archive-date = 2008-12-01}}</ref> <ref name="germ2004">{{cite journal |vauthors=German JB, Dillard CJ | title = Saturated fats: what dietary intake? | journal = American Journal of Clinical Nutrition | volume = 80 | issue = 3 | pages = 550–559 | date = September 2004 | pmid = 15321792 | doi = 10.1093/ajcn/80.3.550 | doi-access = free}}</ref> <ref name="smith2004">{{cite journal |vauthors=Smith SC, Jackson R, Pearson TA, Fuster V, Yusuf S, Faergeman O, Wood DA, Alderman M, Horgan J, Home P, Hunn M, Grundy SM | title = Principles for national and regional guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention: a scientific statement from the World Heart and Stroke Forum | journal = Circulation | volume = 109 | issue = 25 | pages = 3112–21 | date = June 2004 | pmid = 15226228 | doi = 10.1161/01.CIR.0000133427.35111.67 | url = http://www.sisalombardia.it/pdfs/guideline_world_heart_and_stroke_forum.pdf | doi-access = free}}</ref> <ref name="dona2005">Rebecca J. Donatelle (2005): ''Health, the Basics'', 6th edition. Pearson Education, San Francisco; {{isbn | 978-0-13-120687-8}}</ref> <ref name="thij2005">{{cite book | vauthors = Thijssen MA, Mensink RP | chapter = Fatty acids and atherosclerotic risk | volume = 170 | issue = 170 | pages = 165–94 | year = 2005 | pmid = 16596799 | doi = 10.1007/3-540-27661-0_5 | publisher = Springer | isbn = 978-3-540-22569-0 | series = Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology | title = Atherosclerosis: Diet and Drugs}}</ref> <ref name="USDA2005u">{{cite web | publisher = [[United States Department of Agriculture]] | url = https://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dockets/06q0458/06q-0458-sup0001-02.pdf | title = Dietary Guidelines for Americans | year = 2005}}</ref> <ref name="corw2006">{{cite journal |vauthors=Corwin RL, Hartman TJ, Maczuga SA, Graubard BI | title = Dietary saturated fat intake is inversely associated with bone density in humans: Analysis of NHANES III | journal = The Journal of Nutrition | volume = 136 | issue = 1 | pages = 159–165 | year = 2006 | pmid = 16365076 | doi = 10.1093/jn/136.1.159 | s2cid = 4443420 | doi-access = free}}</ref> <ref name="lich2006">{{cite journal |vauthors=[[Alice H. Lichtenstein|Lichtenstein AH]], Appel LJ, Brands M, Carnethon M, Daniels S, Franch HA, Franklin B, Kris-Etherton P, Harris WS, Howard B, Karanja N, Lefevre M, Rudel L, Sacks F, Van Horn L, Winston M, Wylie-Rosett J | title = Diet and lifestyle recommendations revision 2006: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Nutrition Committee | journal = Circulation | volume = 114 | issue = 1 | pages = 82–96 | date = July 2006 | pmid = 16785338 | doi = 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.176158 | s2cid = 647269 | doi-access = free}}</ref> <ref name="moza2006">Dariush Mozaffarian, Martijn B. Katan, Alberto Ascherio, Meir J. Stampfer, and Walter C. Willett (2006): "Trans fatty acids and cardiovascular disease". ''New England Journal of Medicine'', volume 354, issue 15, pages 1601–1613. {{doi | 10.1056/NEJMra054035}} {{PMID | 16611951}}</ref> <ref name="tarr2006">{{cite journal | vauthors = Tarrago-Trani MT, Phillips KM, Lemar LE, Holden JM | title = New and existing oils and fats used in products with reduced trans-fatty acid content | journal = Journal of the American Dietetic Association | volume = 106 | issue = 6 | pages = 867–80 | date = June 2006 | pmid = 16720128 | doi = 10.1016/j.jada.2006.03.010}}</ref> <ref name="tfca2006">{{cite book|isbn=0-662-43689-X|author=Trans Fat Task Force|title=TRANSforming the Food Supply|date=June 2006|publisher=Trans Fat Task Force |url=http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/fn-an/nutrition/gras-trans-fats/tf-ge/tf-gt_rep-rap_e.html|access-date=7 January 2007}}</ref> <ref name="cann2007">{{cite book | title = Critical Pathways in Cardiovascular Medicine | edition = 2nd | publisher = Lippincott Williams & Wilkins | last1 = Cannon | first1 = Christopher | last2 = O'Gara | first2 = Patrick | name-list-style = vanc | year = 2007 | page = 243}}</ref> <ref name="dest2007">{{Citation | title=Letter to the editor: healthy alternatives to trans fats | work=Nutr Metab | volume=4 | page=10 | year=2007 | doi=10.1186/1743-7075-4-10 | pmc=1867814 | pmid=17462099 | vauthors=Destaillats F, Moulin J, Bezelgues JB | doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="grah2007">{{cite journal |vauthors=Graham I, Atar D, Borch-Johnsen K, Boysen G, Burell G, Cifkova R, Dallongeville J, De Backer G, Ebrahim S, Gjelsvik B, Herrmann-Lingen C, Hoes A, Humphries S, Knapton M, Perk J, Priori SG, Pyorala K, Reiner Z, Ruilope L, Sans-Menendez S, Scholte op Reimer W, Weissberg P, Wood D, Yarnell J, Zamorano JL, Walma E, Fitzgerald T, Cooney MT, Dudina A | display-authors = 6 | title = European guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice: executive summary | journal = European Heart Journal | volume = 28 | issue = 19 | pages = 2375–2414 | year = 2007 | pmid = 17726041 | doi = 10.1093/eurheartj/ehm316 | doi-access = free}}</ref> <ref name="lewin2007">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lewington S, Whitlock G, Clarke R, Sherliker P, Emberson J, Halsey J, Qizilbash N, Peto R, Collins R | title = Blood cholesterol and vascular mortality by age, sex, and blood pressure: a meta-analysis of individual data from 61 prospective studies with 55,000 vascular deaths | journal = Lancet | volume = 370 | issue = 9602 | pages = 1829–39 | date = December 2007 | pmid = 18061058 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61778-4 | s2cid = 54293528}}</ref> <ref name="mart2007">{{cite journal | vauthors = Martin CA, Milinsk MC, Visentainer JV, Matsushita M, de-Souza NE | title = Trans fatty acid-forming processes in foods: a review | journal = Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências | volume = 79 | issue = 2 | pages = 343–50 | date = June 2007 | pmid = 17625687 | doi = 10.1590/S0001-37652007000200015 | doi-access = free}}</ref> <ref name="sund2007">{{Cite journal | vauthors=Sundram K, Karupaiah T, Hayes K | year=2007 | title=Stearic acid-rich interesterified fat and trans-rich fat raise the LDL/HDL ratio and plasma glucose relative to palm olein in humans | url=http://www.nutritionandmetabolism.com/content/pdf/1743-7075-4-3.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070128211336/http://www.nutritionandmetabolism.com/content/pdf/1743-7075-4-3.pdf |archive-date=2007-01-28 |url-status=live | journal=Nutr Metab | volume=4 | page=3 | doi=10.1186/1743-7075-4-3 | pmc=1783656 | pmid=17224066 | access-date=2007-01-19 | doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="berry2007a">{{Citation | title=The solid fat content of stearic acid-rich fats determines their postprandial effects. | url=http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/reprint/85/6/1486.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303222710/http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/reprint/85/6/1486.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-03 |url-status=live | work=Am J Clin Nutr | volume=85 | issue=6 | pages=1486–94 | year=2007 | doi=10.1093/ajcn/85.6.1486 | pmid=17556683 | vauthors=Berry SE, Miller GJ, Sanders TA| doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="berry2007b">{{Citation | title=Effect of interesterification of palmitic-acid rich tryacylglycerol on postprandial lipid and factor VII response | journal=Lipids | volume=42 | issue=4 | pages=315–323 | year=2007 | doi=10.1007/s11745-007-3024-x | pmid=17406926 | vauthors=Berry SE, Woodward R, Yeoh C, Miller GJ, Sanders TA| s2cid=3986807}}</ref> <ref name="kris2007f">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kris-Etherton PM, Innis S | title = Position of the American Dietetic Association and Dietitians of Canada: Dietary Fatty Acids | journal = Journal of the American Dietetic Association | volume = 107 | issue = 9 | pages = 1599–1611 [1603] | date = September 2007 | pmid = 17936958 | doi = 10.1016/j.jada.2007.07.024}}</ref> <ref name="crowe2008">{{cite journal |vauthors=Crowe FL, Allen NE, Appleby PN, Overvad K, Aardestrup IV, Johnsen NF, Tjønneland A, Linseisen J, Kaaks R, Boeing H, Kröger J, Trichopoulou A, Zavitsanou A, Trichopoulos D, Sacerdote C, Palli D, Tumino R, Agnoli C, Kiemeney LA, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, Chirlaque MD, Ardanaz E, Larrañaga N, Quirós JR, Sánchez MJ, González CA, Stattin P, Hallmans G, Bingham S, Khaw KT, Rinaldi S, Slimani N, Jenab M, Riboli E, Key TJ | title = Fatty acid composition of plasma phospholipids and risk of prostate cancer in a case-control analysis nested within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition | journal = The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition | volume = 88 | issue = 5 | pages = 1353–63 | date = November 2008 | pmid = 18996872 | doi = 10.3945/ajcn.2008.26369 | doi-access = free}}</ref> <ref name="kura2008">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kurahashi N, Inoue M, Iwasaki M, Sasazuki S, Tsugane AS | title = Dairy product, saturated fatty acid, and calcium intake and prostate cancer in a prospective cohort of Japanese men | journal = Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention | volume = 17 | issue = 4 | pages = 930–7 | date = April 2008 | pmid = 18398033 | doi = 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-07-2681 | s2cid = 551427 | doi-access = free}}</ref> <ref name="rest2008">{{cite journal | vauthors = van de Rest O, Geleijnse JM, Kok FJ, van Staveren WA, Dullemeijer C, Olderikkert MG, Beekman AT, de Groot CP | title = Effect of fish oil on cognitive performance in older subjects: a randomized, controlled trial | journal = Neurology | volume = 71 | issue = 6 | pages = 430–8 | date = August 2008 | pmid = 18678826 | doi = 10.1212/01.wnl.0000324268.45138.86 | s2cid = 45576671}}</ref> <ref name="sanch2008">{{cite journal | vauthors = Sanchez-Bayle M, Gonzalez-Requejo A, Pelaez MJ, Morales MT, Asensio-Anton J, Anton-Pacheco E | title = A cross-sectional study of dietary habits and lipid profiles. 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cholesterol|url=http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/1461|publisher=European Food Safety Authority|access-date=3 May 2012|date=2010-03-25}}</ref> <ref name="usda2010m">{{cite book | author = U.S. Department of Agriculture and U.S. Department of Health and Human Services | date = December 2010 | title = Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2010 | edition = 7th | location = Washington, DC | publisher = U.S. Government Printing Office | url = https://health.gov/dietaryguidelines/dga2010/dietaryguidelines2010.pdf}}</ref> <ref name="cata2011">{{cite journal | vauthors = Catapano AL, Reiner Z, De Backer G, Graham I, Taskinen MR, Wiklund O, Agewall S, Alegria E, Chapman MJ, Durrington P, Erdine S, Halcox J, Hobbs R, Kjekshus J, Perrone Filardi P, Riccardi G, Storey RF, Wood D | display-authors = 6 | title = ESC/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: the Task Force for the management of dyslipidaemias of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Atherosclerosis Society (EAS) | journal = Atherosclerosis | volume = 217 Suppl 1 | issue = 14 | pages = S1-44 | date = July 2011 | pmid = 21723445 | doi = 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2011.06.012 | hdl = 10138/307445 | url = <!-- NOT https://orbi.uliege.be/handle/2268/205760 -->}}</ref> <ref name="kuhnt2011">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kuhnt K, Baehr M, Rohrer C, Jahreis G | title = Trans fatty acid isomers and the trans-9/trans-11 index in fat containing foods | journal = European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology | volume = 113 | issue = 10 | pages = 1281–1292 | date = October 2011 | pmid = 22164125 | pmc = 3229980 | doi = 10.1002/ejlt.201100037}}</ref> <ref name="laba2011">{{cite book | title = Epidemiology and prevention of cardiovascular disease: a global challenge | first = Darwin | last = Labarthe | name-list-style = vanc | publisher = Jones and Bartlett Publishers | year = 2011 | chapter = Chapter 17 What Causes Cardiovascular Diseases? | edition = 2nd | isbn = 978-0-7637-4689-6}}</ref> <ref name="zelm2011">{{cite journal | author = Zelman K | author-link1=Kathleen Zelman | title = The Great Fat Debate: A Closer Look at the Controversy—Questioning the Validity of Age-Old Dietary Guidance | journal = Journal of the American Dietetic Association | volume = 111 | issue = 5 | pages = 655–658 | year = 2011 | pmid = 21515106 | doi = 10.1016/j.jada.2011.03.026}}</ref> <ref name="usda2011a">{{cite web|publisher=United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service|year=2011|title=National nutrient database for standard reference, release 23|url=http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp/search/|access-date=2009-02-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150303184216/http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp/search/|archive-date=2015-03-03}}</ref> <ref name="laba2011n">{{cite book | title = Epidemiology and prevention of cardiovascular disease: a global challenge | first = Darwin | last = Labarthe | name-list-style = vanc | publisher = Jones and Bartlett Publishers | year = 2011 | chapter = Chapter 11 Adverse Blood Lipid Profile | page = 290 | edition = 2 | isbn = 978-0-7637-4689-6}}</ref> <ref name="laba2011p">{{cite book | title = Epidemiology and prevention of cardiovascular disease: a global challenge | first = Darwin | last = Labarthe | name-list-style = vanc | publisher = Jones and Bartlett Publishers | year = 2011 | chapter = Chapter 11 Adverse Blood Lipid Profile | page = 277 | edition = 2nd | isbn = 978-0-7637-4689-6}}</ref> <ref name="patt2011xk">{{cite journal | vauthors = Patterson RE, Flatt SW, Newman VA, Natarajan L, Rock CL, Thomson CA, Caan BJ, Parker BA, Pierce JP | title = Marine fatty acid intake is associated with breast cancer prognosis | journal = The Journal of Nutrition | volume = 141 | issue = 2 | pages = 201–6 | date = February 2011 | pmid = 21178081 | pmc = 3021439 | doi = 10.3945/jn.110.128777}}</ref> <ref name="ausmd2012">{{cite web | url = https://www.eatforhealth.gov.au/food-essentials/fat-salt-sugars-and-alcohol/fat | title = Fat | publisher = Australia's [[National Health and Medical Research Council]] and [[Department of Health and Ageing]] | access-date = 2019-09-24 | date = 2012-09-24 | archive-date = 2013-02-23 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130223172707/https://www.eatforhealth.gov.au/food-essentials/fat-salt-sugars-and-alcohol/fat | url-status = dead}}</ref> <ref name="kien2013">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kien CL, Bunn JY, Tompkins CL, Dumas JA, Crain KI, Ebenstein DB, Koves TR, Muoio DM | author-link8=Deborah Muoio|title = Substituting dietary monounsaturated fat for saturated fat is associated with increased daily physical activity and resting energy expenditure and with changes in mood | journal = The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition | volume = 97 | issue = 4 | pages = 689–97 | date = April 2013 | pmid = 23446891 | pmc = 3607650 | doi = 10.3945/ajcn.112.051730}}</ref> <ref name="rams2013">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ramsden CE, Zamora D, Leelarthaepin B, Majchrzak-Hong SF, Faurot KR, Suchindran CM, Ringel A, Davis JM, Hibbeln JR | display-authors = 6 | title = Use of dietary linoleic acid for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease and death: evaluation of recovered data from the Sydney Diet Heart Study and updated meta-analysis | journal = BMJ | volume = 346 | pages = e8707 | date = February 2013 | pmid = 23386268 | pmc = 4688426 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.e8707}}</ref> <ref name="aha2014">{{Cite web |url=http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/GettingHealthy/FatsAndOils/Fats101/Saturated-Fats_UCM_301110_Article.jsp |title=Saturated fats |date=2014 |publisher=American Heart Association |access-date=1 March 2014}}</ref> <ref name="husp2014">{{Cite web |url=http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/top-food-sources-of-saturated-fat-in-the-us/ |title=Top food sources of saturated fat in the US |date=2014 |publisher=Harvard University School of Public Health |access-date=1 March 2014}}</ref> <ref name="mckin2014">{{Cite web|url = http://www.mckinley.illinois.edu/handouts/macronutrients.htm|title = Macronutrients: the Importance of Carbohydrate, Protein, and Fat|access-date = 20 September 2014|website = McKinley Health Center|publisher = [[University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign]]|archive-date = 21 September 2014|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140921024358/http://www.mckinley.illinois.edu/handouts/macronutrients.htm}}</ref> <ref name="osu2014">{{cite web|title=Essential Fatty Acids|url=http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/other-nutrients/essential-fatty-acids|publisher=Micronutrient Information Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR|access-date=24 May 2017|date=May 2014}}</ref> <ref name="aizp2015">{{cite journal | vauthors = Aizpurua-Olaizola O, Ormazabal M, Vallejo A, Olivares M, Navarro P, Etxebarria N, Usobiaga A | title = Optimization of supercritical fluid consecutive extractions of fatty acids and polyphenols from Vitis vinifera grape wastes | journal = Journal of Food Science | volume = 80 | issue = 1 | pages = E101-7 | date = January 2015 | pmid = 25471637 | doi = 10.1111/1750-3841.12715}}</ref> <ref name="htus2015">{{cite web | title=Key Recommendations: Components of Healthy Eating Patterns | url=https://health.gov/dietaryguidelines/2015/guidelines/chapter-1/key-recommendations/ | website=Dietary Guidelines 2015-2020 | access-date=20 February 2019}}</ref> <ref name="huth2015">{{cite journal | vauthors = Huth PJ, Fulgoni VL, Larson BT | title = A systematic review of high-oleic vegetable oil substitutions for other fats and oils on cardiovascular disease risk factors: implications for novel high-oleic soybean oils | journal = Advances in Nutrition | volume = 6 | issue = 6 | pages = 674–93 | date = November 2015 | pmid = 26567193 | pmc = 4642420 | doi = 10.3945/an.115.008979}}</ref> <ref name="souza2015">{{cite journal | vauthors = de Souza RJ, Mente A, Maroleanu A, Cozma AI, Ha V, Kishibe T, Uleryk E, Budylowski P, Schünemann H, Beyene J, Anand SS | title = Intake of saturated and trans unsaturated fatty acids and risk of all cause mortality, cardiovascular disease, and type 2 diabetes: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies | journal = BMJ | volume = 351 | issue = Aug 11 | pages = h3978 | date = August 2015 | pmid = 26268692 | pmc = 4532752 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.h3978}}</ref> <ref name="weyl2015">{{cite journal | vauthors = Weylandt KH, Serini S, Chen YQ, Su HM, Lim K, Cittadini A, Calviello G | title = Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids: The Way Forward in Times of Mixed Evidence | journal = BioMed Research International | volume = 2015 | page = 143109 | year = 2015 | pmid = 26301240 | pmc = 4537707 | doi = 10.1155/2015/143109 | doi-access = free}}</ref> <ref name="who2015">{{cite web|title=Healthy diet Fact sheet N°394|url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs394/en/|access-date=12 August 2015|date=May 2015}}</ref> <ref name="choos2015b">{{Cite web |url=http://www.choosemyplate.gov/food-groups/oils.html |title=What are "oils"? |year=2015 |publisher=ChooseMyPlate.gov, US Department of Agriculture |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150609080528/http://www.choosemyplate.gov/food-groups/oils.html |archive-date=9 June 2015 |access-date=13 June 2015}}</ref> <ref name="usda2015b">{{Cite web|url = http://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/foods/show/658?manu=&fgcd=|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160312224616/https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/foods/show/658?manu=&fgcd=|archive-date = March 12, 2016|title = United States Department of Agriculture – National Nutrient Database|date = 8 September 2015}}</ref> <ref name="mens2016">{{Cite journal | last1=Mensink | first1=Ronald P. | last2=Sanders | first2=Thomas A. | last3=Baer | first3=David J. | last4=Hayes | first4=K. C. | last5=Howles | first5=Philip N. | last6=Marangoni | first6=Alejandro | date=2016-07-01 | title=The Increasing Use of Interesterified Lipids in the Food Supply and Their Effects on Health Parameters | url= | journal=Advances in Nutrition | language=en | volume=7 | issue=4 | pages=719–729 | doi=10.3945/an.115.009662 | issn=2161-8313 | pmc=4942855 | pmid=27422506 | doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="nihw2016">{{cite web | url=http://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Omega3FattyAcids-HealthProfessional/ | publisher=US National Institutes of Health, Office of Dietary Supplements | title=Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Health: Fact Sheet for Health Professionals | date=2 November 2016 | access-date=5 April 2017}}</ref> <ref name="rams2016">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ramsden CE, Zamora D, Majchrzak-Hong S, Faurot KR, Broste SK, Frantz RP, Davis JM, Ringel A, Suchindran CM, Hibbeln JR | title = Re-evaluation of the traditional diet-heart hypothesis: analysis of recovered data from Minnesota Coronary Experiment (1968-73) | journal = BMJ | volume = 353 | pages = i1246 | date = April 2016 | pmid = 27071971 | pmc = 4836695 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.i1246}}</ref> <ref name="sand2016">Thomas A. B. Sanders (2016): "The Role of Fats in Human Diet". Pages 1-20 of ''Functional Dietary Lipids''. Woodhead/Elsevier, 332 pages. {{isbn | 978-1-78242-247-1}}{{doi | 10.1016/B978-1-78242-247-1.00001-6}}</ref> <ref name="abdu2017">{{cite journal | vauthors = Abdullah MM, Jew S, Jones PJ | title = Health benefits and evaluation of healthcare cost savings if oils rich in monounsaturated fatty acids were substituted for conventional dietary oils in the United States | journal = Nutrition Reviews | volume = 75 | issue = 3 | pages = 163–174 | date = February 2017 | pmid = 28158733 | pmc = 5914363 | doi = 10.1093/nutrit/nuw062}}</ref> <ref name="dinu2017">{{cite journal | vauthors = Dinu M, Pagliai G, Casini A, Sofi F | title = Mediterranean diet and multiple health outcomes: an umbrella review of meta-analyses of observational studies and randomised trials | journal = European Journal of Clinical Nutrition | volume = 72 | issue = 1 | pages = 30–43 | date = January 2018 | pmid = 28488692 | doi = 10.1038/ejcn.2017.58 | hdl = 2158/1081996 | s2cid = 7702206 | hdl-access = free}}</ref> <ref name="sacks2017">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sacks FM, Lichtenstein AH, Wu JH, Appel LJ, Creager MA, Kris-Etherton PM, Miller M, Rimm EB, Rudel LL, Robinson JG, Stone NJ, Van Horn LV |date=July 2017 |title=Dietary Fats and Cardiovascular Disease: A Presidential Advisory From the American Heart Association |journal=Circulation |volume=136 |issue=3 |pages=e1–e23 |doi=10.1161/CIR.0000000000000510 |pmid=28620111|s2cid=367602 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="will2017">{{cite web | url=https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/2016/04/13/diet-heart-ramsden-mce-bmj-comments/ | title=Research Review: Old data on dietary fats in context with current recommendations: Comments on Ramsden et al. in the British Medical Journal | author=Interview: Walter Willett | publisher=TH Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston | date=2017 | access-date=24 May 2017}}</ref> <ref name="wohf2017">{{cite web| url = http://www.world-heart-federation.org/cardiovascular-health/cardiovascular-disease-risk-factors| title = Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors| publisher = World Heart Federation| date = 30 May 2017| access-date = 2012-05-03| archive-date = 2012-05-10| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120510135600/http://www.world-heart-federation.org/cardiovascular-health/cardiovascular-disease-risk-factors/}}</ref> <ref name="nhsuk2018">{{cite web | url = https://www.nhs.uk/live-well/eat-well/different-fats-nutrition/ | title = Fat: the facts | publisher = United Kingdom's [[National Health Service]] | access-date = 2019-09-24| date = 2018-04-27}}</ref> <ref name="choos2018q">{{cite web | url = https://food-guide.canada.ca/en/healthy-eating-recommendations/make-it-a-habit-to-eat-vegetables-fruit-whole-grains-and-protein-foods/choosing-foods-with-healthy-fats/ | title = Choosing foods with healthy fats | publisher = [[Health Canada]] | access-date = 2019-09-24| date = 2018-10-10}}</ref> <ref name="mart2018xh">{{cite journal | vauthors = Martinez-Lacoba R, Pardo-Garcia I, Amo-Saus E, Escribano-Sotos F | title = Mediterranean diet and health outcomes: a systematic meta-review | journal = European Journal of Public Health | volume = 28 | issue = 5 | pages = 955–961 | date = October 2018 | pmid = 29992229 | doi = 10.1093/eurpub/cky113 | doi-access = free}}</ref> <ref name="choo2020">{{Cite web |url=https://www.choosemyplate.gov/node/5664 |title=Saturated, Unsaturated, and Trans Fats |date=2020 |publisher=choosemyplate.gov |access-date=2020-08-30 |archive-date=2020-10-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201015130429/https://www.choosemyplate.gov/node/5664}}</ref> <ref name="hoop2020e">{{cite journal|vauthors=Hooper L, Martin N, Jimoh OF, Kirk C, Foster E, Abdelhamid AS |title=Reduction in saturated fat intake for cardiovascular disease |journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |year=2020 |volume=5 |issue=5 |pages=CD011737 |issn=1465-1858 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD011737.pub2 |pmid=32428300 |pmc=7388853 |type=Systematic review}}</ref>{{Update inline|reason=Updated version https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32827219|date = February 2025}} <ref name="buck1999">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bucher HC, Griffith LE, Guyatt GH | title = Systematic review on the risk and benefit of different cholesterol-lowering interventions | journal = Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology | volume = 19 | issue = 2 | pages = 187–195 | date = February 1999 | pmid = 9974397 | doi = 10.1161/01.atv.19.2.187 | doi-access = free}}</ref> <ref name="vess2001">{{cite journal | vauthors = Vessby B, Uusitupa M, Hermansen K, Riccardi G, Rivellese AA, Tapsell LC, Nälsén C, Berglund L, Louheranta A, Rasmussen BM, Calvert GD, Maffetone A, Pedersen E, Gustafsson IB, Storlien LH | title = Substituting dietary saturated for monounsaturated fat impairs insulin sensitivity in healthy men and women: The KANWU Study | journal = Diabetologia | volume = 44 | issue = 3 | pages = 312–9 | date = March 2001 | pmid = 11317662 | doi = 10.1007/s001250051620 | doi-access = free}}</ref> <ref name="love2002">{{cite journal | vauthors = Lovejoy JC | title = The influence of dietary fat on insulin resistance | journal = Current Diabetes Reports | volume = 2 | issue = 5 | pages = 435–40 | date = October 2002 | pmid = 12643169 | doi = 10.1007/s11892-002-0098-y | s2cid = 31329463}}</ref> <ref name="fuku2004">{{cite journal | vauthors = Fukuchi S, Hamaguchi K, Seike M, Himeno K, Sakata T, Yoshimatsu H | title = Role of fatty acid composition in the development of metabolic disorders in sucrose-induced obese rats | journal = Experimental Biology and Medicine | volume = 229 | issue = 6 | pages = 486–93 | date = June 2004 | pmid = 15169967 | doi = 10.1177/153537020422900606 | s2cid = 20966659}}</ref> <ref name="merck0000">{{cite web | title = You Can Control Your Cholesterol: A Guide to Low-Cholesterol Living | publisher = [[Merck & Co.|MerckSource]] | url = http://www.mercksource.com/pp/us/cns/cns_krames_template.jspzQzpgzEzzSzppdocszSzuszSzcnszSzcontentzSzkrameszSz1292_01zPzhtm | access-date = 2018-01-02 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090303124418/http://www.mercksource.com/pp/us/cns/cns_krames_template.jspzQzpgzEzzSzppdocszSzuszSzcnszSzcontentzSzkrameszSz1292_12zPzhtm | archive-date = 2009-03-03}}</ref> <ref name="aha0000xc">{{cite web | title = Monounsaturated Fat | publisher = American Heart Association | url = https://healthyforgood.heart.org/Eat-smart/Articles/Monounsaturated-Fats | access-date = 2018-04-19 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180307184535/https://healthyforgood.heart.org/Eat-smart/Articles/Monounsaturated-Fats | archive-date = 2018-03-07 | url-status = live}}</ref> }} {{Cookbook | Oil and fat}} {{wiktionary | Fat}} {{Fatsandoils}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Nutrients]] [[Category:Macromolecules]]
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