Editing Eucalyptus (section)

==''Eucalyptus'' as plantation species==

In the 20th century, scientists around the world experimented with ''Eucalyptus'' species. They hoped to grow them in the tropics, but most experimental results failed until breakthroughs in the 1960s-1980s in species selection, silviculture, and breeding programs "unlocked" the potential of eucalypts in the tropics. Prior to then, as Brett Bennett noted in a 2010 article, eucalypts were something of the "[[El Dorado]]" of forestry. Today, ''Eucalyptus'' is the most widely planted type of tree in plantations around the world,<ref>Bennett (2010)</ref> in [[South America]] (mainly in [[Brazil]], [[Argentina]], [[Paraguay]] and [[Uruguay]]), [[South Africa]], [[Australia]], [[India]], [[Galicia, Spain|Galicia]], [[Portugal]] and many more.<ref name=gitmap>{{cite web|title=Global Eucalyptus Map 2009... in Buenos Aires!|url=http://git-forestry-blog.blogspot.com/2009/10/global-eucalyptus-map-2009-in-buenos.html|work=GIT Forestry Eucalyptologics|access-date=22 November 2013}}</ref>

===North America===
;California
In the 1850s, ''Eucalyptus'' trees were introduced to [[California]] by Australians during the [[California Gold Rush]]. Much of California is similar in climate to parts of Australia. By the early 1900s, thousands of acres of eucalypts were planted with the encouragement of the state government. It was hoped that they would provide a renewable source of timber for construction, furniture making and [[railway sleeper]]s. It was soon found that for the latter purpose ''Eucalyptus'' was particularly unsuitable, as the ties made from ''Eucalyptus'' had a tendency to twist while drying, and the dried ties were so tough that it was nearly impossible to hammer [[Rail fastening system|rail spikes]] into them.<ref name="Santos" />

<blockquote>They went on to note that the promise of ''Eucalyptus'' in California was based on the old virgin forests of Australia. This was a mistake, as the young trees being harvested in California could not compare in quality to the centuries-old ''Eucalyptus'' timber of Australia. It reacted differently to harvest. The older trees didn't split or warp as the infant California crop did. There was a vast difference between the two, and this would doom the California ''Eucalyptus'' industry.<ref name="Santos">{{cite web |last1=Santos |first1=Robert L. |title=''The Eucalyptus of California - Seeds of good or seeds of evil?'' |url=https://library.csustan.edu/ld.php?content_id=55856157 |publisher=University Library - Stanislaus State |access-date=31 March 2021}}</ref></blockquote>

[[File:Howard-Ralston Eucalyptus Tree Rows.jpg|thumb|upright|The Howard-Ralston Eucalyptus Tree Rows, planted in [[Burlingame, California]], in the 1870s, are listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]].]]
The species ''[[Eucalyptus camaldulensis|E. camaldulensis]], [[Eucalyptus tereticornis|E. tereticornis]],'' and ''[[Eucalyptus cladocalyx|E. cladocalyx]]'' are all present in California, but the blue gum ''[[Eucalyptus globulus|E. globulus]]'' makes up by far the largest population in the state.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EVIzzgEACAAJ|title=Growth of Eucalyptus in California Plantations|first=Woodbridge|last=Metcalf|date=Oct 1, 1924|publisher=University of California Print. Office|accessdate=Oct 1, 2022|via=Google Books}}</ref> One way in which the ''Eucalyptus'', mainly the blue gum ''[[Eucalyptus globulus|E. globulus]]'', proved valuable in California was in providing windbreaks for highways, orange groves, and farms in the mostly treeless [[Central Valley (California)|central part of the state]]. They are also admired as shade and ornamental trees in many cities and gardens.{{cn|date=June 2024}}

''Eucalyptus'' plantations in California have been criticised, because they compete with native plants and typically do not support native animals. ''Eucalyptus'' has historically been planted to replace California's [[Quercus agrifolia|coast live oak]] population, and the new ''Eucalyptus'' is not as hospitable to native flora and fauna as the oaks. In appropriately foggy conditions on the California Coast, ''Eucalyptus'' can spread at a rapid rate. The absence of natural inhibitors such as the [[koala]] or pathogens native to Australia have aided in the spread of California ''Eucalyptus'' trees. This is not as big of an issue further inland, but on the coast invasive eucalypts can disrupt native ecosystems. ''Eucalyptus'' may have adverse effects on local streams due to their chemical composition, and their dominance threatens species that rely on native trees. Nevertheless, some native species have been known to adapt to the ''Eucalyptus'' trees. Notable examples are [[heron]]s, [[great horned owl]], and the [[monarch butterfly]] using ''Eucalyptus'' groves as habitat. Despite these successes, eucalypts generally has a net negative impact on the overall balance of the native ecosystem.<ref name=":1" />

A heavy concern regarding Eucalypts in California is their status as a fire hazard.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2006 |title=Fire Management Newsletter: Eucalyptus: A Complex Challenge |url=https://home.nps.gov/pore/learn/nature/upload/firemanagement_fireeducation_newsletter_eucalyptus.pdf |access-date=Oct 29, 2024 |work=U.S. National Park Service}}</ref> ''Eucalyptus'' trees were a catalyst for the spread of the [[1923 Berkeley, California fire|1923 fire]] in Berkeley, which destroyed 568 homes.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Liza|first=Gross|date=June 12, 2013|title=Eucalyptus: California Icon, Fire Hazard and Invasive Species|url=https://www.kqed.org/science/4209/eucalyptus-california-icon-fire-hazard-and-invasive-species#:~:text=The%20California%20Invasive%20Plant%20Council,need%20certain%20conditions%20to%20thrive.&text=Once%20established%2C%20the%20trees%20can,mineralization%20rates%20and%20soil%20chemistry.|website=KQED}}</ref> The 1991 [[Oakland firestorm of 1991|Oakland Hills firestorm]], which caused US$1.5 billion in damage, destroyed almost 3,000 homes, and killed 25 people, was partly fueled by large numbers of eucalypts close to the houses.<ref>{{cite web |last=Williams |first=Ted |title=America's Largest Weed |publisher=Audubon Magazine |date=January 2002 |url=http://magazine.audubon.org/incite/incite0201.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060708221528/http://magazine.audubon.org/incite/incite0201.html |archive-date=2006-07-08 }}</ref>

Despite these issues, there are calls to preserve the ''Eucalyptus'' plants in California. Advocates for the tree claim its fire risk has been overstated. Some even claim that the ''Eucalyptus's'' absorption of moisture makes it a barrier against fire. These experts believe that the herbicides used to remove the ''Eucalyptus'' would negatively impact the ecosystem, and the loss of the trees would release carbon into the atmosphere unnecessarily. There is also an aesthetic argument for keeping the ''Eucalyptus''; the trees are viewed by many as an attractive and iconic part of the California landscape. Many say that although the tree is not native, it has been in California long enough to become an essential part of the ecosystem and therefore should not be attacked as invasive. These arguments have caused experts and citizens in California, especially in the [[San Francisco Bay Area]], to debate the merits of ''Eucalyptus'' removal versus preservation. However, the general consensus remains that some areas urgently require ''Eucalyptus'' management to stave off potential fire hazards.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Emma|first=Marris|date=November 30, 2016|title=The Great Eucalyptus Debate|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2016/11/the-great-eucalyptus-debate/509069/|website=The Atlantic}}</ref>

Efforts to remove some of California's ''Eucalyptus'' trees have been met with a mixed reaction from the public, and there have been protests against removal.<ref name=":0" /> Removing ''Eucalyptus'' trees can be expensive and often requires machinery or the use of herbicides. The trees struggle to reproduce on their own outside of the foggy regions of Coastal California, and therefore some inland ''Eucalyptus'' forests are predicted to die out naturally.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Daniel|first=Potter|date=February 1, 2018|title=Eucalyptus: How California's Most Hated Tree Took Root|url=https://www.kqed.org/news/11644927/eucalyptus-how-californias-most-hated-tree-took-root-2|website=KQED}}</ref> In some parts of California, eucalypt plantations are being removed and native trees and plants restored. Individuals have also illegally destroyed some trees and are suspected of introducing insect pests from Australia which attack the trees.<ref name="Henter2005">{{cite web |title=Tree Wars: The Secret Life of Eucalyptus |first=Heather |last=Henter |date=January 2005 |publisher=University of California, San Diego |work=Alumni |url=http://alumni.ucsd.edu/magazine/vol2no1/features/wars.htm|access-date=2013-11-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090317055602/http://alumni.ucsd.edu/magazine/vol2no1/features/wars.htm |archive-date=2009-03-17 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Certain ''Eucalyptus'' species may also be grown for ornament in warmer parts of the Pacific Northwest—western [[Washington (state)|Washington]], western [[Oregon]] and southwestern [[British Columbia]].{{cn|date=June 2024}}

===South America===
;Argentina
It was introduced in Argentina around 1870 by President [[Domingo F. Sarmiento]], who had brought the seeds from Australia and it quickly became very popular. The most widely planted species were ''[[Eucalyptus globulus|E. globulus]]'', ''[[Eucalyptus viminalis|E. viminalis]]'' and ''[[Eucalyptus rostrata (disambiguation)|E. rostrata]]''. Currently, the [[Humid Pampas]] region has small forests and ''Eucalyptus'' barriers, some up to 80 years old, about 50 meters high and a maximum of one meter in diameter.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://carlosfelice.com.ar/blog/2014/11/el-eucalipto-arbol-fundamental-en-el-campo-argentino/|title=El eucalipto, árbol fundamental en el campo argentino|access-date=Sep 11, 2020}}</ref>

;Uruguay
[[Antonio Lussich]] introduced ''Eucalyptus'' into [[Uruguay]] in approximately 1896, throughout what is now [[Maldonado Department]], and it has spread all over the south-eastern and eastern coast. There had been no trees in the area because it consisted of dry sand dunes and stones. Lussich also introduced many other trees, particularly ''[[Acacia]]'' and [[pine]]s, but they have not expanded so extensively.{{cn|date=June 2024}}

Uruguayan forestry crops using ''Eucalyptus'' species have been promoted since 1989, when the new National Forestry Law established that 20% of the national territory would be dedicated to forestry. As the main landscape of Uruguay is grassland (140,000&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>, 87% of the national territory), most of the forestry plantations would be established in prairie regions.<ref>MGAP, 1999. Uruguay Forestal: antecedentes, legislacion y política, desarrollo actual y perspectives. Ministerio de Agricultura y Pesca,
Montevideo, Uruguay.</ref><ref name="Ribeiro_1999">{{Cite web |url=http://www4.fao.org/cgi-bin/faobib.exe?rec_id=540374&database=faobib&search_type=link&table=mona&back_path=%2Ffaobib%2Fmona&lang=eng&format_name=EFMON |title=J., Ribeiro, C.M., 1999. Tendencias y perspectivas de la economı ́a forestal de los países del Conosur (&#91;&#91;Argentina&#93;&#93;, &#91;&#91;Brasil&#93;&#93;, &#91;&#91;Chile&#93;&#93;, Uruguay). Oficina Regional FAO para America Latina y el Caribe, Santiago, Chile. |access-date=2019-12-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030927134020/http://www4.fao.org/cgi-bin/faobib.exe?rec_id=540374&database=faobib&search_type=link&table=mona&back_path=%2Ffaobib%2Fmona&lang=eng&format_name=EFMON |archive-date=2003-09-27 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Perez-Arrarte_1993">Perez-Arrarte, C., 1993. Desarrollo forestal y medio ambiente (compilation). [[Centro Interdisciplinario de Estudios sobre el Desarrollo en Uruguay|CIEDUR]] Montevideo, Uruguay</ref>
The planting of ''Eucalyptus'' sp. has been criticised because of concerns that soil would be degraded by [[nutrient depletion]] and other biological changes.<ref name="Ribeiro_1999" /><ref name="Perez-Arrarte_1993" /><ref name="Caffera_1991">Caffera, R.M., Cespedes, C., Gonzalez, A., Gutierrez, M.O., Panario, D.H., 1991. Hacia una evaluacion de effectos ambientales de la forestacion en Uruguay con especies introducidas. CIEDUR, Montevideo, Uruguay.</ref> During the last ten years, in the northwestern regions of Uruguay the ''Eucalyptus'' sp. plantations have reached annual forestation rates of 300%. That zone has a potential forested area of 1&nbsp;million hectares, approximately 29% of the national territory dedicated to forestry, of which approximately 800,000 hectares are currently forested by monoculture of ''Eucalyptus'' spp.<ref>[http://www.mgap.gub.uy DIEA, 2010. Anuario Estadístico Agropecuario 2010. Dirección de Estadísticas Agropecuarias, Ministerio de Agricultura, Ganadería y Pesca. Editorial Hemisferio Sur, Montevideo, Uruguay, 220p.].</ref> It is expected that the radical and durable substitution of vegetation cover leads to changes in the quantity and quality of [[soil organic matter]]. Such changes may also influence [[soil fertility]] and soil physical and chemical properties. The [[soil quality]] effects associated with ''Eucalyptus'' sp. plantations could have adverse effects on soil chemistry;<ref name="Caffera_1991" /><ref name="AgganganO'Connell1999">{{cite journal|last1=Aggangan|first1=R.T.|last2=o'Connell |first2=A.M.|last3=McGrath |first3=J.F.|last4=Dell |first4=B.|title=The effects of ''Eucalyptus globulus'' Labill. leaf letter on C and N mineralization in soils from pasture and native forest|journal=Soil Biology and Biochemistry|volume=31|issue=11 |year=1999|pages=1481–7|issn=0038-0717|doi=10.1016/S0038-0717(99)00052-8|bibcode=1999SBiBi..31.1481A }}</ref><ref name="GriersonAdams2000">{{cite journal|last1=Grierson|first1=P.F|last2=Adams|first2=M.A|title=Plant species affect acid phosphatase, ergosterol and microbial P in a Jarrah (''Eucalyptus marginata'' Donn ex Sm.) forest in south-western Australia|journal=Soil Biology and Biochemistry|volume=32|issue=13 |year=2000|pages=1817–27 |issn=0038-0717 |doi=10.1016/S0038-0717(00)00155-3|bibcode=2000SBiBi..32.1817G }}</ref> for example: soil acidification,<ref>Bandzouzi, J., 1993. Variabilite spatiale de quelques caracteristiques edaphiques des sols sableux sous ''Eucalyptus'' du littoral congolais. Memoire I.D.R., Universite de Rennes, France.</ref><ref name="Bernhard-Reversat1999">{{cite journal|last1=Bernhard-Reversat|first1=France|title=The leaching of ''Eucalyptus'' hybrids and ''Acacia auriculiformis'' leaf litter: laboratory experiments on early decomposition and ecological implications in congolese tree plantations|journal=Applied Soil Ecology|volume=12|issue=3|year=1999|pages=251–261|issn=0929-1393|doi=10.1016/S0929-1393(99)00005-0|bibcode=1999AppSE..12..251B }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.befac.net/index.php?choix=200&page_courante=109&x_3=-1&e_p=-1&tpr_pk=1519&c_s=xxxiii&lim_c_q_a=4480&c_q_a=8&m_a_m_i=0%7CLoubelo,|title=澳门华都官网-澳门华都娱乐场-澳门华都赌场|website=www.befac.net|access-date=Sep 11, 2020|archive-date=December 1, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201211642/http://www.befac.net/index.php?choix=200&page_courante=109&x_3=-1&e_p=-1&tpr_pk=1519&c_s=xxxiii&lim_c_q_a=4480&c_q_a=8&m_a_m_i=0%7CLoubelo,|url-status=dead}}</ref> iron leaching, [[allelopathic]] activities<ref name="Bernhard-Reversat1999" /> and a high C:N ratio of litter.<ref name="AgganganO'Connell1999" /><ref>{{cite journal |first=P.K. |last=Khanna |title=Evaluating various indices for measuring N and P status of forest stand with examples from pine and eucalypt sites |journal=Interciencia |volume=19 |pages=366–373 |date=1994 |issn=0378-1844 }}</ref><ref name="MadeiraAndreaux1989">{{cite journal|last1=Madeira|first1=M.A.V.|last2=Andreaux|first2=F.|last3=Portal|first3=J.M.|title=Changes in soil organic matter characteristics due to reforestation with ''Eucalyptus globulus'', in Portugal|journal=Science of the Total Environment|volume=81–82|year=1989|pages=481–8|issn=0048-9697|doi=10.1016/0048-9697(89)90157-5|bibcode=1989ScTEn..81..481M}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=M.A.V. |last=Madeira |chapter=Influence of Mineral Nutrients Redistribution in Eucalyptus Plantations on Soil Properties |chapter-url= |editor-last=Berthelin |editor-first=J. |title=Diversity of Environmental Biogeochemistry |series=Development in Geochemistry |publisher=Elsevier |volume=6 |date=1992 |isbn=978-0-444-88900-3 |pages=485–494 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-444-88900-3.50052-7}}</ref> Additionally, as most scientific understanding of land cover change effects is related to ecosystems where forests were replaced by grasslands or crops, or grassland was replaced by crops, the environmental effects of the current Uruguayan land cover changes are not well understood.<ref name="AltesorDi Landro1998">{{cite journal|last1=Altesor|first1=A.|last2=Di Landro|first2=E.|last3=May|first3=H.|last4=Ezcurra|first4=E.|title=Long-term species change in a Uruguayan grassland|journal=Journal of Vegetation Science|volume=9|issue=2 |year=1998|pages=173–180 |issn=1100-9233|doi=10.2307/3237116|jstor=3237116|bibcode=1998JVegS...9..173A }}</ref> The first scientific publication on soil studies in western zone tree plantations (focused on pulp production) appeared in 2004 and described soil acidification and [[soil carbon]] changes,<ref name="Carrasco-LetelierEguren2004">{{cite journal|last1=Carrasco-Letelier|first1=L.|last2=Eguren |first2=G.|last3=Castiñeira |first3=C.|last4=Parra |first4=O.|last5=Panario|first5=D.|title=Preliminary study of prairies forested with ''Eucalyptus'' sp. at the northwestern Uruguayan soils|journal=Environmental Pollution|volume=127 |issue=1|year=2004|pages=49–55 |issn=0269-7491|doi=10.1016/S0269-7491(03)00258-6|pmid=14553994|bibcode=2004EPoll.127...49C }}</ref> similar to a [[podzolisation]] process, and destruction of clay (illite-like minerals), which is the main reservoir of potassium in the soil.<ref name="Céspedes-PayretPiñeiro2012">{{cite journal|last1=Céspedes-Payret|first1=Carlos|last2=Piñeiro |first2=Gustavo|last3=Gutiérrez|first3=Ofelia|last4=Panario |first4=Daniel|title=Land use change in a temperate grassland soil: Afforestation effects on chemical properties and their ecological and mineralogical implications|journal=Science of the Total Environment|volume=438 |year=2012|pages=549–557 |issn=0048-9697|doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.08.075|pmid=23064181|bibcode=2012ScTEn.438..549C}}</ref> Although these studies were carried out in an important zone for forest cultivation, they cannot define the current situation in the rest of the land area under eucalyptus cultivation. Moreover, recently Jackson and Jobbagy have proposed another adverse environmental impact that may result from ''Eucalyptus'' culture on prairie soils—stream acidification.<ref name="FarleyPiñeiro2008">{{cite journal|last1=Farley|first1=Kathleen A.|last2=Piñeiro|first2=Gervasio|last3=Palmer|first3=Sheila M.|last4=Jobbágy|first4=Esteban G.|last5=Jackson|first5=Robert B.|s2cid=53526927|title=Stream acidification and base cation losses with grassland afforestation|journal=Water Resources Research|volume=44|year=2008|issn=0043-1397|doi=10.1029/2007WR006659|issue=7 |bibcode=2008WRR....44.0A03F|hdl=11336/135148|hdl-access=free}}</ref>

The ''Eucalyptus'' species most planted are ''E. grandis'', ''E. globulus'' and ''E. dunnii''; they are used mainly for pulp mills. Approximately 80,000 ha of ''E. grandis'' situated in the departments of Rivera, Tacuarembó and Paysandú is primarily earmarked for the solid wood market, although a portion of it is used for sawlogs and plywood. The current area under commercial forest plantation is 6% of the total. The main uses of the wood produced are elemental chlorine free pulp mill production (for [[cellulose]] and [[paper]]), [[sawlog]]s, [[plywood]] and [[bioenergy]] ([[thermoelectric]] generation). Most of the products obtained from [[sawmill]]s and [[pulp mill]]s, as well as plywood and [[Trunk (botany)|logs]], are exported. This has raised the income of this sector with respect to traditional products from other sectors. Uruguayan forestry plantations have rates of growth of 30 cubic metres per hectare per year and commercial harvesting occurs after nine years.{{cn|date=June 2024}}

;Brazil

[[File:Plantação de Eucalipto, Parque do Itaim - Taubaté.jpg|thumb|260x260px|A c. 13-year-old plantation, in [[Taubaté]], [[São Paulo (state)|São Paulo]]]]

Eucalypts were introduced to [[Brazil]] in 1910, for [[timber]] substitution and the [[charcoal]] industry. It has thrived in the local environment, and today there are around 7&nbsp;million hectares planted. The wood is highly valued by the charcoal and pulp and paper industries. The short rotation allows a larger wood production and supplies wood for several other activities, helping to preserve the native forests from logging. When well managed, the plantation soils can sustain endless replanting. ''Eucalyptus'' plantings are also used as [[windbreak|wind breaks]]. Brazil's plantations have world-record rates of growth, typically over 40 cubic metres per hectare per year,<ref name="Brazil">{{cite web|url=http://lamar.colostate.edu/~binkley/Brazileucalyptus.htm|title=Brazil Eucalyptus Potential Productivity|publisher=Colorado State University|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121212024604/http://lamar.colostate.edu/~binkley/Brazileucalyptus.htm|archive-date=2012-12-12}}</ref> and commercial harvesting occurs after years 5. Due to continual development and governmental funding, year-on-year growth is consistently being improved. ''Eucalyptus'' can produce up to 100 cubic metres per hectare per year. Brazil has become the top exporter and producer of ''Eucalyptus'' round wood and pulp, and has played an important role in developing the Australian market through the country's{{Clarify|date=May 2009}} committed research in this area. The local iron producers in Brazil rely heavily on sustainably grown ''Eucalyptus'' for [[charcoal]]; this has greatly pushed up the price of charcoal in recent years. The plantations are generally owned and operated for national and international industry by timber asset companies such as [[Thomson Forestry]], Greenwood Management or cellulose producers such as [[Aracruz Cellulose]] and [[Stora Enso]].{{Citation needed|date=September 2017}}

Overall, South America was expected to produce 55% of the world's ''Eucalyptus'' round-wood by 2010. Many environmental NGOs have criticised the use of exotic tree species for forestry in Latin America.<ref>An example of a poster from a campaign against ''Eucalyptus'' culture is [http://www.redes.org.uy/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/Banner-Forestales-RIO-OK-.pdf here.]</ref>

===Africa===
;Angola
In the East of Angola, the [[Benguela railway]] company created eucalyptus plantations for firing its steam locomotives.{{cn|date=June 2024}}

;Ethiopia
Eucalypts were introduced to [[Ethiopia]] in either 1894 or 1895, either by Emperor [[Menelik II of Ethiopia|Menelik II]]'s French advisor [[Mondon-Vidailhet]] or by the Englishman Captain O'Brian. Menelik II endorsed its planting around his new capital city of [[Addis Ababa]] because of the massive [[deforestation]] around the city for [[firewood]]. According to Richard R.K. Pankhurst, "The great advantage of the eucalypts was that they were fast growing, required little attention and when cut down grew up again from the roots; it could be harvested every ten years. The tree proved successful from the onset".<ref>{{harvnb|Pankhurst|1968|p=246}}</ref> Plantations of eucalypts spread from the capital to other growing urban centres such as [[Debre Marqos]]. Pankhurst reports that the most common species found in Addis Ababa in the mid-1960s was ''[[Eucalyptus globulus|E. globulus]]'', although he also found ''[[Eucalyptus melliodora|E. melliodora]]'' and ''[[Eucalyptus rostrata (disambiguation)|E. rostrata]]'' in significant numbers. David Buxton, writing of central Ethiopia in the mid-1940s, observed that eucalyptus trees "have become an integral -- and a pleasing -- element in the [[Shewa|Shoan]] landscape and has largely displaced the slow-growing native 'cedar' (''[[Juniperus procera]]'')."<ref>{{cite book |first=David |last=Buxton |title=Travels in Ethiopia |edition=2nd |publisher=Benn |year=1957 |oclc=3105137 |page=48}}</ref>

It was commonly believed that the thirst of the ''Eucalyptus'' "tended to dry up rivers and wells", creating such opposition to the species that in 1913 a proclamation was issued ordering a partial destruction of all standing trees, and their replacement with [[Morus (plant)|mulberry]] trees. Pankhurst reports, "The proclamation however remained a dead letter; there is no evidence of eucalypts being uprooted, still less of mulberry trees being planted."<ref>{{harvnb|Pankhurst|1968|p=247}}</ref> Eucalypts remain a defining feature of Addis Ababa.

;Madagascar
Much of Madagascar's original native forest has been replaced with ''Eucalyptus'', threatening biodiversity by isolating remaining natural areas such as [[Andasibe-Mantadia National Park]].{{cn|date=June 2024}}

;South Africa
Numerous ''Eucalyptus'' species have been introduced into [[South Africa]], mainly for [[timber]] and [[firewood]] but also for ornamental purposes. They are popular with [[beekeeper]]s for the [[honey]] they provide.<ref name="palgrave">{{cite book |last1=Palgrave |first1=K.C. |first2=R.B. |last2=Drummond |first3=E.J. |last3=Moll |first4=M.C. |last4=Palgrave |date=2002 |title=Trees of Southern Africa |publisher=Struik Publishers |isbn=9781868723898 |oclc=51494099}}</ref> However, in South Africa they are considered invasive, with their water-sucking capabilities threatening water supplies. They also release a chemical into the surrounding soil which kills native competitors.<ref name="invasive">{{cite web |first=D. |last=Robertson |title=South Africa Water Project Clears Water-Guzzling Alien Plant Infestations |date=2005-03-22|url=http://www.voanews.com/english/archive/2005-03/2005-03-22-voa19.cfm |access-date=2013-11-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090115005010/http://www.voanews.com/english/archive/2005-03/2005-03-22-voa19.cfm |archive-date=2009-01-15 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

''Eucalyptus'' [[seedling]]s are usually unable to compete with the indigenous [[grass]]es, but after a fire when the grass cover has been removed, a seed-bed may be created. The following ''Eucalyptus'' species have been able to become naturalised in South Africa: ''[[Eucalyptus camaldulensis|E. camaldulensis]]'', ''[[Eucalyptus cladocalyx|E. cladocalyx]]'', ''[[Eucalyptus diversicolor|E. diversicolor]]'', ''[[Eucalyptus grandis|E. grandis]]'' and ''[[Eucalyptus lehmannii|E. lehmannii]]''.<ref name="palgrave" />

;Zimbabwe
As in South Africa, many ''Eucalyptus'' species have been introduced into [[Zimbabwe]], mainly for timber and firewood, and ''[[Eucalyptus robusta|E. robusta]]'' and ''[[Eucalyptus tereticornis|E. tereticornis]]'' have been recorded as having become naturalised there.<ref name="palgrave" />

===Europe===
====Portugal====
Eucalypts have been grown in Portugal since the mid 19th century, the first thought to be a specimen of ''[[Eucalyptus obliqua|E. obliqua]]'' introduced to [[Vila Nova de Gaia]] in 1829.<ref>{{cite web |title=Qual a origem do eucalipto e como chegou a Portugal? |url=https://florestas.pt/saiba-mais/qual-a-origem-do-eucalipto-e-como-chegou-a-portugal/ |publisher=florestas.pt |access-date=5 March 2021}}</ref> First as an ornamental but soon after in [[plantation]]s, these eucalypts are prized due to their long and upright trunks, rapid growth and the ability to regrow after cutting. These plantations now occupy around 800,000 hectares, 10% of the country's total land area, 90% of the trees being ''[[Eucalyptus globulus|E. globulus]]''. As of the late 20th century, there were an estimated 120 species of ''Eucalyptus'' in Portugal.<ref>{{cite web |title=Floresta industrial - Silvicultura do eucalipto em Portugal |url=https://www.e-globulus.pt/biblioteca-online/dossiers/silvicultura-eucalipto-portugal |publisher=e-globulus.pt |access-date=5 March 2021}}</ref> The genus has also been subject to various controversies. Despite representing a large part of the agricultural economy, eucalypt plantations have a negative impact on soil destruction, inducing resistance to water infiltration and increasing the risks of erosion and soil loss, they are highly flammable, aggravating the risk for wildfires. Various Portuguese laws on eucalypt plantations have been formed and reformed to better suit both sides.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Marques |first1=José Trincão |title=A expansão descontrolada do eucalipto em Portugal: "E pur si muove" |date=11 September 2018 |url=https://www.mediotejo.net/a-expansao-descontrolada-do-eucalipto-em-portugal-e-pur-si-muove-por-jose-trincao-marques/ |publisher=mediotejo.net |access-date=5 March 2021}}</ref>

There are various ''Eucalyptus'' species of public interest in Portugal, namely a [[Karri]] in [[Coimbra]]'s Mata Nacional de Vale de Canas, considered to be Europe's tallest tree at {{convert|72|m|ft|abbr=on}} high.<ref>{{cite web |title=Árvores Monumentais de Portugal |url=http://www2.icnf.pt/portal/florestas/aip/aip-monum-pt |publisher=[[ICNF]] |access-date=5 March 2021 |archive-date=9 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109230442/http://www2.icnf.pt/portal/florestas/aip/aip-monum-pt |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Eucaliptos de interesse público: um roteiro em Portugal |date=10 July 2020 |url=https://myplanet.pt/artigos/eucaliptos-de-interesse-publico/ |publisher=myplanet.pt |access-date=5 March 2021}}</ref>

====Italy====
In [[Italy]], the ''Eucalyptus'' only arrived at the turn of the 19th century and large scale plantations were started at the beginning of the 20th century with the aim of drying up swampy ground to defeat malaria.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Italian Health Tip: Eucalyptus Branches in Shower |url=http://www.grandvoyageitaly.com/1/post/2015/10/italian-health-tip-eucalyptus-branches-in-shower.html |access-date=2024-05-29 |website=GRAND VOYAGE ITALY |language=en}}</ref> During the 1930s, [[Benito Mussolini]] had thousands of ''Eucalyptus'' planted in the marshes around Rome.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20130911/environment/The-eucalyptus-tree.485697|title=The eucalyptus tree|last=Portelli|first=Paul|date=September 11, 2013|website=timesofmalta.com|access-date=October 21, 2018}}</ref> This, their rapid growth in the Italian climate and excellent function as windbreaks, has made them a common sight in the south of the country, including the islands of [[Sardinia]] and [[Sicily]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Seasonality of Honey|url=https://gustiblog.gustiamo.com/the-seasonality-of-honey/|access-date=28 July 2020|website=Gustiblog|date=9 November 2016 }}</ref> They are also valued for the characteristic smelling and tasting [[honey]] that is produced from them.<ref>{{Cite book|date=2010-06-01|title=Lives of the trees: an uncommon history}}</ref> The variety of ''Eucalyptus'' most commonly found in Italy is ''[[Eucalyptus camaldulensis|E. camaldulensis]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.europaoggi.it/content/view/791/114/|title=Europa Oggi - Italia terra da miele|first=Gianni|last=Martino}}</ref>

====Greece====
In [[Greece]], eucalypts are widely found, especially in southern Greece and [[Crete]]. They are cultivated and used for various purposes, including as an ingredient in pharmaceutical products (e.g., creams, elixirs and sprays) and for leather production. They were imported in 1862 by botanist Theodoros Georgios Orphanides. The principal species is ''E. globulus''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Khan |first1=Naushad |last2=Fahad |first2=Shah |last3=Faisal |first3=Shah |last4=Akbar |first4=Ayasha |last5=Naushad |first5=Mahnoor |date=2020-07-06 |title=Socio-Economic and Medicinal Review of Eucalyptus Tree in the World |url=https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3644215 |journal=SSRN |location=Rochester, NY |doi=10.2139/ssrn.3644215|ssrn=3644215 |s2cid=233757310 }}</ref>

====Ireland====
''Eucalyptus'' has been grown in Ireland since trials in the 1930s and now grows wild in South Western Ireland in the mild climate.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.brc.ac.uk/plantatlas/plant/eucalyptus-globulus|title=''Eucalyptus globulus''|website=brc.ac.uk|year=1973|publisher=John Murray|access-date=2021-12-19|archive-date=2021-12-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219202146/https://www.brc.ac.uk/plantatlas/plant/eucalyptus-globulus|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Asia===
''Eucalyptus'' seeds of the species ''E. globulus'' were imported into [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]] in the 1860s, but did not acclimatise well.<ref name="Shemesh">{{cite journal|author=Abraham O. Shemesh |title=Planting eucalyptus trees in the new settlements In nineteenth- to twentieth-century Palestine as reflected in rabbinic documents |journal=Modern Judaism |year=2016 |volume=36 |number=1 |pages=83–99|doi=10.1093/mj/kjv038|s2cid=170476555 }}</ref> Later, ''E. camaldulensis'' was introduced more successfully and it is still a very common tree in [[Israel]].<ref name="Shemesh" /> The use of ''Eucalyptus'' trees to drain swampy land was a common practice in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.<ref name="Shemesh" /><ref name="ElEini" /> The German Templer colony of [[Sarona (colony)|Sarona]] had begun planting ''Eucalyptus'' for this purpose by 1874, though it is not known where the seeds came from.<ref>{{cite book |first1=Helmut |last1=Glenk |first2=Horst |last2=Blaich |first3=Manfred |last3=Haering |title=From Desert Sands to Golden Oranges: The History of the German Templer Settlement of Sarona in Palestine 1871-1947 |publisher=Trafford Publishing |date=2005 |isbn=978-1-4120-3506-4 |pages=6 |url={{GBurl|tr-Z3uCI5DEC|dq=Eucalyptus|pg=PR49}}}}</ref> Many Zionist colonies also adopted the practice in the following years under the guidance of the [[Mikveh Israel|Mikveh Israel Agricultural School]].<ref name="Shemesh" /><ref name="ElEini">{{cite journal |author=Roza I. M. El-Eini |title=British forestry policy in Mandate Palestine, 1929–48: Aims and realities |journal=Middle Eastern Studies |year=1999 |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=72–155|doi=10.1080/00263209908701280 }}</ref> ''Eucalyptus'' trees are now considered an [[invasive species]] in the region.

In India, the [[ICFRE#Research Institutes under the Council|Institute of Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding, Coimbatore]] started a ''Eucalyptus'' breeding program in the 1990s. The organisation released four varieties of conventionally bred, high yielding and genetically improved clones for commercial and research interests in 2010.<ref name="ifgtb">{{cite news|title=Union Minister announces Rs. 25-crore fund for IFGTB|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/union-minister-announces-rs-25crore-fund-for-ifgtb/article713273.ece|access-date=21 November 2013|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=19 February 2010}}</ref><ref name="tnieifgtb">{{cite news|title=Let scientists decide what is good for us|url=http://newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/article213505.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202222924/http://newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/article213505.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=December 2, 2013|access-date=21 November 2013|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=21 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Van Vigyan Newslatter|url=http://ifgtb.icfre.gov.in/pdf_files/enewsletter_jan_mar_2010.pdf|work=Institute of Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding|access-date=21 November 2013|page=2|date=January–March 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202223924/http://ifgtb.icfre.gov.in/pdf_files/enewsletter_jan_mar_2010.pdf|archive-date=2 December 2013}}</ref>

''Eucalyptus'' trees were introduced to [[Sri Lanka]] in the late 19th century by [[tea]] and [[coffee]] planters, for wind protection, shade and fuel. Forestry replanting of ''Eucalyptus'' began in the 1930s in deforested mountain areas, and currently there are about 10 species present in the island. They account for 20% of major reforestation plantings. They provide [[railway sleeper]]s, [[utility pole]]s, sawn [[timber]] and [[fuelwood]], but are controversial because of their adverse effect on biodiversity, hydrology and soil fertility. They are associated with another invasive species, the [[Gall wasp|eucalyptus gall wasp]], ''[[Leptocybe]] invasa''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/3/AC772E/ac772e0l.htm|title=Eucalyptus Plantations in Sri Lanka: Environmental, Social, Economic and Policy Issues - H.M. Bandaratillake|website=www.fao.org|access-date=Sep 11, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sundaytimes.lk/100627/Plus/plus_01.html|title=Another pest, another tree|access-date=Sep 11, 2020}}</ref>

===Pacific Islands===
In [[Hawaii]], some 90 species of ''Eucalyptus'' have been introduced to the islands, where they have displaced some native species due to their higher maximum height, fast growth and lower water needs. Particularly noticeable is the rainbow eucalyptus (''[[Eucalyptus deglupta]]''), native to Indonesia and the Philippines, whose bark falls off to reveal a trunk that can be green, red, orange, yellow, pink and purple.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.to-hawaii.com/trees/eucalyptus.php|title=Eucalyptus Tree|website=www.to-hawaii.com|access-date=Sep 11, 2020}}</ref>