Editing Environmental law (section)

== Around the world ==
{{See also|List of environmental laws by country|List of international environmental agreements}}

=== Africa ===
According to the [[International Network for Environmental Compliance and Enforcement]] (INECE), the major [[environmental issues in Africa]] are "drought and [[flood]]ing, air pollution, [[deforestation]], [[Biodiversity loss|loss of biodiversity]], freshwater availability, degradation of soil and vegetation, and widespread poverty."<ref name=INECE>{{cite web |title=INECE Regions- Africa |url=http://www.inece.org/region_africa.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020820012452/http://www.inece.org/region_africa.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 August 2002 |access-date=18 October 2012 }}</ref>  The [[U.S. Environmental Protection Agency]] (EPA) is focused on the "growing urban and industrial pollution, water quality, [[electronic waste]] and indoor air from cookstoves."<ref name=EPA>{{cite web|title=Africa International Programs|url=http://www.epa.gov/international/regions/Africa/|publisher=Environmental Protection Agency|access-date=October 18, 2012}}</ref> They hope to provide enough aid on concerns regarding pollution before their impacts contaminate the African environment as well as the global environment.  By doing so, they intend to "protect human health, particularly vulnerable populations such as children and the poor."<ref name="EPA"/>  In order to accomplish these goals in Africa, EPA programs are focused on strengthening the ability to enforce environmental laws as well as public compliance to them.  Other programs work on developing stronger environmental laws, regulations, and standards.<ref name="EPA"/>

=== Asia ===
The Asian Environmental Compliance and Enforcement Network (AECEN) is an agreement between 16 Asian countries dedicated to improving cooperation with environmental laws in Asia. These countries include Cambodia, China, Indonesia, India, Maldives, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Nepal, Philippines, Pakistan, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam, and Lao PDR.<ref>{{Cite web|title = AECEN|url = http://www.aecen.org/|website = www.aecen.org|access-date = 2015-08-27|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150906020258/http://www.aecen.org/|archive-date = 2015-09-06|url-status = dead}}</ref>

=== European Union ===
The [[European Union]] issues secondary legislation on environmental issues that are valid throughout the EU (so called regulations) and many directives that must be implemented into national legislation from the 27 member states (national states). Examples are the Regulation (EC) No. 338/97 on the implementation of CITES; or the Natura 2000 network the centerpiece for nature & biodiversity policy, encompassing the bird Directive (79/409/EEC/ changed to 2009/147/EC)and the habitats directive (92/43/EEC). Which are made up of multiple SACs (Special Areas of Conservation, linked to the habitats directive) & SPAs (Special Protected Areas, linked to the bird directive), throughout Europe.

EU legislation is ruled in Article 249 Treaty for the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU). Topics for common EU legislation are:

* [[Climate change]]
* [[Air pollution]]
* [[Water protection]] and management
* [[Waste management]]
* [[Soil protection]]
* [[Protection of nature]], species and [[biodiversity]]
* [[Noise pollution]]
* Cooperation for the environment with third countries (other than EU member states)
* [[Civil protection]]

In February 2024, the European Parliament adopted a law making a big, intentionally caused, environmental damage “comparable to [[ecocide]]” a crime that can be punished by up to 10 years in prison. The members of the Union should enter it to their national law, during 2 years.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mølgaard Henriksen |first1=Mette |title='Revolutionary': EU Parliament votes to criminalise most serious cases of ecosystem destruction |url=https://www.euronews.com/green/2024/02/27/revolutionary-eu-criminalises-the-most-serious-cases-of-ecosystem-destruction |access-date=28 February 2024 |agency=Euronews |date=27 February 2024}}</ref> The Parliament also approved a nature restoration law which obligate members to restore 20% of degraded ecosystems (including 30% of drained peatland) by 2030 and 100% by 2050.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Niranjan |first1=Ajit |title=European parliament votes for watered-down law to restore nature |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2024/feb/27/european-parliament-votes-for-watered-down-law-to-restore-nature-farmers-protests |access-date=28 February 2024 |agency=The Guardian |date=27 February 2024}}</ref>

=== Middle East ===
Environmental law is rapidly growing in the Middle East. The U.S. [[Environmental Protection Agency]] is working with countries in the [[Middle East]] to improve "environmental governance, water pollution and water security, clean fuels and vehicles, public participation, and pollution prevention."<ref name="Middle East">{{cite web|title=EPA Middle East|url=http://www.epa.gov/oia/regions/Mideast/index.html|publisher=Environmental Protection Agency|access-date=23 October 2012}}</ref>

=== Oceania ===
The main concerns about environmental issues in Oceania are "illegal releases of air and water [[pollutant]]s, [[illegal logging]]/timber trade, illegal shipment of [[hazardous waste]]s, including [[e-waste]] and ships slated for destruction, and insufficient institutional structure/lack of enforcement capacity".<ref name="INECE Asia">{{cite web |title=INECE Regions - Asia and the Pacific |url=http://www.inece.org/region_asia.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021217145241/http://inece.org/region_asia.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=December 17, 2002 |access-date=October 18, 2012 }}</ref> The Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environmental Programme (SPREP)<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.sprep.org/| title = Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environmental Programme (SPREP)}}</ref>  is an international organization between Australia, the Cook Islands, FMS, Fiji, France, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Nauru, New Zealand, Niue, Palau, PNG, Samoa, Solomon Island, Tonga, Tuvalu, US, and Vanuatu. The SPREP was established in order to provide assistance in improving and protecting the environment as well as assure sustainable development for future generations.<ref name=SPREP>{{cite web|title=Agreement Establishing SPREP|url=http://www.sprep.org/Legal/agreement-establishing-sprep|access-date=October 18, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025050438/http://www.sprep.org/Legal/agreement-establishing-sprep|archive-date=2012-10-25|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Taylor|first=Prue|title=Multilateral Environmental Agreement Negotiator's Handbook: Pacific Region 2013|date=2013|publisher=Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme / New Zealand Centre for Environmental Law, University of Auckland|location=Samoa / New Zealand|isbn=978-982-04-0475-5|url=http://www.sprep.org/attachments/Publications/EMG/MEA_Handbook_2013.pdf|author2=Stroud, Lucy |author3=Peteru, Clark }}</ref>

=== Australia ===
''[[Commonwealth v Tasmania]]'' (1983), also known as the "Tasmanian Dam Case", was a highly significant case in Australian environmental law.<ref>[http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/cth/HCA/1983/21.html Commonwealth v Tasmania] (1983) 158 CLR 1 (1 July 1983)</ref>

The ''[[Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999]]'' is the centerpiece of environmental legislation in Australia. It sets up the "legal framework to protect and manage nationally and internationally important flora, fauna, ecological communities and heritage places" and focuses on protecting world heritage properties, national heritage properties, [[wetlands]] of international importance, nationally threatened species and ecological communities, migratory species, Commonwealth marine areas, [[Great Barrier Reef Marine Park]], and the environment surrounding nuclear activities.<ref name=Australia>{{cite web|title=EPBC Act|url=http://www.environment.gov.au/epbc/index.html|access-date=October 18, 2012}}</ref> However, it has been subject to numerous reviews examining its shortcomings, the latest taking place in mid-2020.<ref name=2020reviewabout>{{cite web | title=About the review | website=Independent review of the EPBC Act | date=23 June 2020 | url=https://epbcactreview.environment.gov.au/about-review | access-date=27 June 2020}}</ref> The interim report of this review concluded that the laws created to protect unique species and habitats are ineffective.<ref name=interim>{{cite web | title=Australia's environment in unsustainable state of decline, major review finds | website=the Guardian|first=Lisa|last=Cox | date=20 July 2020 | url=http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/jul/20/australias-environment-in-unsustainable-state-of-decline-major-review-finds | access-date=27 July 2020}}</ref>

=== Brazil ===
The Brazilian government created the [[Ministry of the Environment (Brazil)|Ministry of Environment]] in 1992 in order to develop better strategies for protecting the environment, using natural resources sustainably, and enforcing public environmental policies.  The Ministry of Environment has authority over policies involving environment, water resources, preservation, and environmental programs involving the Amazon.<ref name=Brazil>{{cite web|title=Apresentação|url=http://www.mma.gov.br/o-ministerio/apresentacao|access-date=23 October 2012}}</ref>

=== Canada ===
The [[Department of the Environment Act]] establishes the [[Department of the Environment (Canada)|Department of the Environment]] in the Canadian government as well as the position [[Minister of the Environment (Canada)|Minister of the Environment]].  Their duties include "the preservation and enhancement of the quality of the natural environment, including water, air and [[soil quality]]; renewable resources, including migratory birds and other non-domestic flora and fauna; water; meteorology;"<ref name="Department of the Environment Act">{{cite web|title=Department of the Environment Act|date=31 December 2002|url=http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/E-10/page-1.html|access-date=23 October 2012}}</ref>  The [[Canadian Environmental Protection Act, 1999|Environmental Protection Act]] is the main piece of Canadian environmental legislation that was put into place March 31, 2000. The Act focuses on "respecting pollution prevention and the protection of the environment and human health in order to contribute to sustainable development."<ref name="CEPA Canada">{{cite web|title=Environment Canada|url=http://www.ec.gc.ca/lcpe-cepa/default.asp?lang=En|access-date=23 October 2012|date=2007-01-09}}</ref> Other principle federal statutes include the [[Canadian Environmental Assessment Act]], and the [[Species at Risk Act]]. When provincial and federal legislation are in conflict federal legislation takes precedence, that being said individual provinces can have their own legislation such as Ontario's [[Environmental Bill of Rights]], and [[Clean Water Act (Ontario)|Clean Water Act]].<ref>See [https://slmc.uottawa.ca/?q=laws_canada_legal Canada's Legal System Overview] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822000216/https://slmc.uottawa.ca/?q=laws_canada_legal |date=2017-08-22 }}.</ref>

=== China ===
{{See also|Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People's Republic of China}}
According to the U.S. [[Environmental Protection Agency]], "China has been working with great determination in recent years to develop, implement, and enforce a solid environmental law framework. Chinese officials face critical challenges in effectively implementing the laws, clarifying the roles of their national and provincial governments, and strengthening the operation of their legal system."<ref>EPA, [http://www.epa.gov/ogc/china/initiative_home.htm China Environmental Law Initiative].</ref> Explosive economic and industrial growth in China has led to [[Environmental issues in China|significant environmental degradation]], and China is currently in the process of developing more stringent legal controls.<ref>Vermont Law School, [http://www.vermontlaw.edu/academics/environmental_law_center/institutes_and_initiatives/us-china_partnership_for_environmental_law/overview.htm China Partnership for Environmental Law] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120720164123/http://www.vermontlaw.edu/academics/environmental_law_center/institutes_and_initiatives/us-china_partnership_for_environmental_law/overview.htm |date=2012-07-20 }}; C. McElwee, [https://www.amazon.com/Environmental-Law-China-Mitigating-Compliance/dp/0195390016 Environmental Law in China: Mitigating Risk and Ensuring Compliance].</ref> The harmonization of Chinese society and the natural environment is billed as a rising policy priority.<ref>NRDC, [http://www.nrdc.org/international/ochinalaw.asp Environmental Law in China].</ref><ref name="Sustainable Legitimacy">{{cite journal |ssrn=2128167 |title=The Search for Sustainable Legitimacy: Environmental Law and Bureaucracy in China |volume=37 |page=365 |journal=[[Harvard Environmental Law Review]] |first=Alex |last=Wang |date=2013}}</ref><ref>Rachel E. Stern, Environmental Litigation in China: A Study in Political Ambivalence (Cambridge University Press 2013)</ref>

Environmental lawsuits have been available in China since the early 2000s.<ref name=":9">{{Cite book |title=Greening East Asia: The Rise of the Eco-Developmental State |date=2020 |publisher=[[University of Washington Press]] |isbn=978-0-295-74791-0 |editor-last=Esarey |editor-first=Ashley |location=Seattle |jstor=j.ctv19rs1b2 |editor-last2=Haddad |editor-first2=Mary Alice |editor-last3=Lewis |editor-first3=Joanna I. |editor-last4=Harrell |editor-first4=Stevan}}</ref>{{Rp|page=15}} Public protest, however, plays a greater role in shaping [[Environmental policy in China|China's environmental policy]] than litigation does.<ref name=":9" />{{Rp|page=15}}

=== Congo (RC) ===
In the [[Republic of the Congo|Republic of Congo]], inspired by the African models of the 1990s, the phenomenon of constitutionalization of environmental law appeared in 1992, which completed an historical development of environmental law and policy dating back to the years of independence and even long before the colonization.<ref name="2016_nzaou_kongo">{{cite journal |last1= Nzaou-Kongo |first1=Aubin|title= L'ambivalence du droit de l'environnement en République du Congo. |date=2016|url=https://ssrn.com/abstract=3444682|access-date=15 January 2021}}</ref> It gives a constitutional basis to environmental protection, which traditionally was part of the legal framework.<ref name="2016_nzaou_kongo"/> The two Constitutions of 15 March 1992 and 20 January 2002 concretize this paradigm,<ref name="2016_nzaou_kongo"/> by stating a legal obligation of a clean environment,<ref name="2016_nzaou_kongo"/> by establishing a principle of compensation and a foundation of criminal nature.<ref name="2014_nzaou_kongo">{{cite journal |last1= Nzaou-Kongo |first1=Aubin|title= La constitutionnalisation du droit de l'environnement au Congo-Brazzaville. |date=2014|url=https://ssrn.com/abstract=3444689|access-date=15 January 2021}}</ref> By this [[phenomenon]], Congolese environmental law is situated between non-regression and the search for efficiency."<ref name="2014_nzaou_kongo"/>

=== Ecuador ===
With the enactment of the [[2008 Constitution of Ecuador|2008 Constitution]], [[Ecuador]] became the first country in the world to codify the [[Rights of Nature]]. The Constitution, specifically Articles 10 and 71–74, recognizes the inalienable rights of [[ecosystem]]s to exist and flourish, gives people the authority to petition on the behalf of ecosystems, and requires the government to remedy violations of these rights. The rights approach is a break away from traditional environmental regulatory systems, which regard nature as property and legalize and manage degradation of the environment rather than prevent it.<ref name="Celdf">{{Cite web|url=https://celdf.org/|title=CELDF {{!}} Community Rights Pioneers {{!}} Protecting Nature and Communities|website=CELDF|language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-23}}</ref>

The Rights of Nature articles in Ecuador's constitution are part of a reaction to a combination of political, economic, and social phenomena. Ecuador's abusive past with the [[oil industry]], most famously the [[Chevron Corporation#Environmental damage in Ecuador|class-action litigation]] against [[Chevron Corporation|Chevron]], and the failure of an extraction-based economy and [[neoliberal]] reforms to bring economic prosperity to the region has resulted in the election of a New Leftist regime, led by President [[Rafael Correa]], and sparked a demand for new approaches to development. In conjunction with this need, the principle of "Buen Vivir," or good living – focused on social, environmental and spiritual wealth versus material wealth – gained popularity among citizens and was incorporated into the new constitution.<ref name="Gudynas">[[Eduardo Gudynas|Gudynas, Eduardo]]. 2011. Buen Vivir: Today's Tomorrow Development 54(4):441-447.</ref>

The influence of indigenous groups, from whom the concept of "Buen Vivir" originates, in the forming of the constitutional ideals also facilitated the incorporation of the Rights of Nature as a basic tenet of their culture and conceptualization of "Buen Vivir."<ref name="Becker">Becker, Marc. 2011 Correa, Indigenous Movements, and the Writing of a New Constitution in Ecuador. ''Latin American Perspectives'' 38(1):47-62.</ref>

=== Egypt ===
The [[Environmental Protection Law (Egypt)|Environmental Protection Law]] outlines the responsibilities of the Egyptian government to "preparation of draft legislation and decrees pertinent to environmental management, collection of data both nationally and internationally on the state of the environment, preparation of periodical reports and studies on the state of the environment, formulation of the national plan and its projects, preparation of environmental profiles for new and urban areas, and setting of standards to be used in planning for their development, and preparation of an annual report on the state of the environment to be prepared to the President."<ref name=Egypt>{{cite web|title=Law 4|url=http://www.eeaa.gov.eg/English/main/law4.asp|access-date=23 October 2012}}</ref>

=== India ===
{{Main|Indian environmental law}}
In [[India]], Environmental law is governed by the Environment Protection Act, 1986.<ref>{{Cite web|title = The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986|url = http://envfor.nic.in/legis/env/env1.html|website = envfor.nic.in|access-date = 2015-08-27|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20020613044316/http://envfor.nic.in/legis/env/env1.html|archive-date = 2002-06-13|url-status = dead}}</ref> This act is enforced by the Central Pollution Control Board and the numerous State Pollution Control Boards. Apart from this, there are also individual legislation specifically enacted for the protection of Water, Air, Wildlife, etc. Such legislations include :
* The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974
* The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act, 1977
* The Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980
* The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981
* Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) (Union Territories) Rules, 1983
* The Biological Diversity Act, 2002 and the Wild Life Protection Act, 1972
* Batteries (Management and Handling) Rules, 2001
* Recycled Plastics, Plastics Manufacture and Usage Rules, 1999
* The National Green [[Tribunal]] established under the National Green Tribunal Act of 2010<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://moef.nic.in/downloads/public-information/NGT-fin.pdf |title=The Gazette of India |access-date=2014-05-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130810151851/http://moef.nic.in/downloads/public-information/NGT-fin.pdf |archive-date=2013-08-10 |url-status=dead }}</ref> has jurisdiction over all environmental cases dealing with a substantial environmental question and acts covered under the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974.
* Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Rules, 1978
* Ganga Action Plan, 1986
* The Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980
* Wildlife protection Act, 1972
* The Public Liability Insurance Act, 1991 and the Biological Diversity Act, 2002. The acts covered under Indian Wild Life Protection Act 1972 do not fall within the jurisdiction of the National Green Tribunal.<ref>{{Cite web|title = The Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972|url = http://envfor.nic.in/legis/wildlife/wildlife1.html|website = envfor.nic.in|access-date = 2015-08-27}}</ref> Appeals can be filed in the Hon'ble Supreme Court of India.<ref>Rhuks Temitope, [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228184440_The_Judicial_Recognition_and_Enforcement_of_the_Right_to_Environment_Differing_Perspectives_from_Nigeria_and_India "The Judicial Recognition and Enforcement of the Right to Environment: Differing Perspectives From Nigeria and India"], ''NUJS Law Review'', March 11, 2020</ref>
* Basel Convention on Control of Transboundary Movements on Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal, 1989 and Its Protocols
* [[Hazard]]ous Wastes (Management and Handling) Amendment Rules, 2003<ref>{{cite book|author1=Surendra Malik, Sudeep Malik|title=Supreme Court on Environment Law| year=2015 |publisher=EBC|location=India|isbn=9789351451914|edition=2015}}</ref>

=== Japan ===
The [[Basic Environmental Law]] is the basic structure of Japan's environmental policies replacing the [[Basic Law for Environmental Pollution Control]] and the [[Nature Conservation Law]]. The updated law aims to address "global environmental problems, urban pollution by everyday life, loss of accessible natural environment in urban areas and degrading environmental protection capacity in forests and farmlands."<ref name=Japan>{{cite web|title=The Basic Environment Law|url=http://www.env.go.jp/en/laws/policy/basic/leaflet2.html|access-date=23 October 2012}}</ref>

The three basic environmental principles that the Basic Environmental Law follows are "the blessings of the environment should be enjoyed by the present generation and succeeded to the future generations, a sustainable society should be created where environmental loads by human activities are minimized, and Japan should contribute actively to global environmental conservation through international cooperation."<ref name="Japan"/>
From these principles, the Japanese government have established policies such as "environmental consideration in policy formulation, establishment of the Basic Environment Plan which describes the directions of long-term environmental policy, environmental impact assessment for development projects, economic measures to encourage activities for reducing environmental load, improvement of social infrastructure such as sewerage system, transport facilities etc., promotion of environmental activities by corporations, citizens and NGOs, environmental education, and provision of information, promotion of science and technology."<ref name="Japan"/>

=== New Zealand ===
{{Main|New Zealand environmental law}}

The [[Ministry for the Environment (New Zealand)|Ministry for the Environment]] and [[Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment|Office of the Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment]] were established by the [[Environment Act 1986]]. These positions are responsible for advising the Minister on all areas of environmental legislation.  A common theme of [[New Zealand|New Zealand's]] environmental legislation is sustainably managing natural and physical resources, fisheries, and forests.  The [[Resource Management Act 1991]] is the main piece of environmental legislation that outlines the government's strategy to managing the "environment, including air, water soil, [[biodiversity]], the coastal environment, noise, subdivision, and land use planning in general."<ref name="New Zealand">{{cite web|title=Ministry for the Environment|url=http://www.mfe.govt.nz/laws/|access-date=23 October 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121130140120/http://www.mfe.govt.nz/laws/|archive-date=30 November 2012}}</ref>

=== Russia ===
The [[Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment]] of the Russian Federation makes regulation regarding "conservation of natural resources, including the [[subsoil]], water bodies, forests located in designated conservation areas, fauna and their habitat, in the field of hunting, [[hydrometeorology]] and related areas, [[environmental monitoring]] and pollution control, including [[radiation monitoring]] and control, and functions of public environmental policy making and implementation and [[Statute|statutory]] regulation."<ref name=Russia>{{cite web|title=Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment of the Russian Federation|url=http://www.mnr.gov.ru/english/|access-date=27 June 2015}}</ref>

=== Singapore ===
Singapore is a signatory of the [[Convention on Biological Diversity]]; with most of its CBD obligations being overseen by the National Biodiversity Reference Centre, a division of its National Parks Board ([[NParks]]).<ref>{{Cite web|last=Unit|first=Biosafety|date=2006-06-20|title=Singapore|url=https://www.cbd.int/programmes/outreach/awareness/celebration-singapore.shtml|access-date=2020-10-27|website=www.cbd.int|language=en}}</ref> Singapore is also a signatory of the [[Convention on International Trade in Endangered Animals]], with its obligations under that treaty also being overseen by NParks.<ref>{{Cite web|title=National Parks Board (CITES)|url=https://customs.gov.sg/businesses/national-single-window/tradenet/competent-authorities-requirements/Nparks-Cites|access-date=2020-10-27|website=customs.gov.sg|language=en}}</ref> The [[Parliament of Singapore]] has enacted numerous pieces of legislation to fulfil its obligations under these treaties, such as the Parks and Trees Act,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Parks and Trees Act - Singapore Statutes Online|url=https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/PTA2005|access-date=2020-10-27|website=sso.agc.gov.sg|language=en}}</ref> Endangered Species (Import and Export) Act,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Endangered Species (Import and Export) Act - Singapore Statutes Online|url=https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/ESIEA2006|access-date=2020-10-27|website=sso.agc.gov.sg|language=en}}</ref> and Wildlife Act.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Wildlife Act - Singapore Statutes Online|url=https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/WA1965|access-date=2020-10-27|website=sso.agc.gov.sg|language=en}}</ref> The new Wildlife (Protected Wildlife Species) Rules 2020 marks the first instance in [[Singapore]]'s history that direct legal protection has been offered for specific named species, as listed in Parts 1-5 of the Rules' schedule.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Wildlife (Protected Wildlife Species) Rules 2020 - Singapore Statutes Online|url=https://sso.agc.gov.sg/SL/WA1965-S411-2020?DocDate=20200529|access-date=2020-10-27|website=sso.agc.gov.sg|language=en}}</ref>

=== South Africa ===
{{Main|South African environmental law}}

=== United Kingdom ===
{{Main|UK environmental law}}

=== United States ===
{{Main|United States environmental law}}

=== Vietnam ===
Vietnam is currently working with the U.S. [[Environmental Protection Agency]] on [[Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins|dioxin]] remediation and technical assistance in order to lower [[methane emissions]]. In March 2002, the U.S. and Vietnam signed the U.S.-Vietnam Memorandum of Understanding on Research on Human Health and the Environmental Effects of Agent Orange/Dioxin.<ref name="EPA Vietnam">{{cite web|title=Vietnam International Programs|url=http://www.epa.gov/international/regions/Asia/vietnammain.html|publisher=Environmental Protection Agency|access-date=October 18, 2012}}</ref>