Editing Duel (section)

===Europe===

====Great Britain and Ireland====
The duel arrived at the end of the 16th century with the influx of Italian honor and courtesy literature – most notably [[Baldassare Castiglione]]'s ''[[Book of the Courtier|Libro del Cortegiano]]'' (Book of the Courtier), published in 1528, and [[Girolamo Muzio]]'s ''Il Duello'', published in 1550. These stressed the need to protect one's reputation and social mask and prescribed the circumstances under which an insulted party should issue a challenge.
The word ''duel'' was introduced in the 1590s, modeled after [[Medieval Latin]] ''duellum'' (an archaic Latin form of ''bellum'' "war", but associated by popular etymology with ''duo'' "two", hence "one-on-one combat").<ref>This usage apparently goes back to [[John of Legnano]], author of a 14th-century work on dueling, ''De Bello'', cited by [[du Cange]]
''Pugna corporalis deliberata hinc inde duorum, ad purgationem, gloriam, vel odii aggregationem.''
[http://ducange.enc.sorbonne.fr/DUELLUM3 3. Duellum], ''Glossarium ad scriptores mediae et infimae latinitatis'' (1678), ed. augm., Niort : L. Favre, 1883‑1887, t. 3, col. 203b.</ref>

Soon domestic literature was being produced such as Simon Robson's ''The Courte of Ciuill Courtesie'', published in 1577. Dueling was further propagated by the arrival of Italian fencing masters such as Rocco Bonetti and Vincento Saviolo. By the reign of [[James I of England|James I]] dueling was well entrenched within a militarized peerage&nbsp;– one of the most important duels being that between [[Lord Kinloss|Edward Bruce, 2nd Lord Kinloss]] and [[Edward Sackville, 4th Earl of Dorset|Edward Sackville]] (later the 4th Earl of Dorset) in 1613, during which Bruce was killed.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DgEOAAAAQAAJ&q=Lord+Bruce+Earl+of+Dorset+1613+duel&pg=PA65 |title=The Duel: A History of Duelling |first=Robert |last=Baldick |publisher=Chapman & Hall |year=1965 |access-date=19 April 2011 |isbn=978-0-600-32837-7}}</ref> James I encouraged [[Francis Bacon]] as Solicitor-General to prosecute would-be duelists in the [[Court of Star Chamber]], leading to about two hundred prosecutions between 1603 and 1625. He also issued an edict against dueling in 1614 and is believed to have supported production of an anti-dueling tract by the [[Henry Howard, 1st Earl of Northampton|Earl of Northampton]].

Dueling, however, continued to spread out from the court, notably into the army. In the mid-17th century it was for a time checked by the activities of the Parliamentarians whose Articles of War specified the death penalty for would-be duelists. Nevertheless, dueling survived and increased markedly with the [[Restoration (England)|Restoration]]. Among the difficulties of anti-dueling campaigners was that although monarchs uniformly proclaimed their general hostility to dueling, they were nevertheless very reluctant to see their own favorites punished. In 1712 both the [[James Hamilton, 4th Duke of Hamilton|Duke of Hamilton]] and [[Charles Mohun, 4th Baron Mohun|Charles 4th Baron Mohun]] were killed in a [[Hamilton–Mohun duel|celebrated duel]] induced by political rivalry and squabbles over an inheritance.

By the 1780s, the values of the duel had spread into the broader and emerging society of gentlemen. Research shows that much the largest group of later duelists were military officers, followed by the young sons of the metropolitan elite (see Banks, ''A Polite Exchange of Bullets''). Dueling was also popular for a time among doctors and, in particular, in the legal professions. Quantifying the number of duels in Britain is difficult, but there are about 1,000 attested between 1785 and 1845 with fatality rates at least 15% and probably somewhat higher.

In 1777, at the Summer [[assize]]s in the town of [[Clonmel]], [[County Tipperary]], a code of practice was drawn up for the regulation of duels. It was agreed by delegates from counties Tipperary, [[County Galway|Galway]], [[County Mayo|Mayo]], [[County Sligo|Sligo]] and [[County Roscommon|Roscommon]], and intended for general adoption throughout [[Ireland]].<ref name="Hamilton 1829" /> An amended version known as 'The Irish Code of Honor', and consisting of 25 rules, was adopted in some parts of the United States. The first article of the code stated:

{{blockquote|
Rule 1.—The first offence requires the apology, although the retort may have been more offensive than the insult.

—Example: A. tells B. he is impertinent, &C.; B. retorts, that he lies; yet A. must make the first apology, because he gave the first offence, and then, (after one fire,) B. may explain away the retort by subsequent apology.<ref>{{cite book |last=Wilson Lyde |first=John |title=The Code of Honor, Or, Rules for the Government of Principals and Seconds in Duelling |publisher=reprinted by Kessinger Publishing |orig-year=1838 |year=2004 |chapter=Appendix |isbn=978-1-4191-5704-2 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VEIXLwMktEUC&q=Clonmell}}</ref>}}

The 19th-century Irish statesman [[Daniel O'Connell]] took part in a duel in 1815. Following the death of his opponent, John D'Esterre, O'Connell repented and from that time wore a white glove on his right hand when attending [[Mass (liturgy)|Mass]] as a public symbol of his regret.<ref>{{cite book |last=Gwynn |first=Denis |title=Daniel O'Connell |publisher=Cork University Press |year=1947 |page=126 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hR4qAAAAYAAJ&q=+%22+white+glove%22}}</ref> Despite numerous challenges, he refused ever to fight another duel.<ref>O'Faolain, Sean (1938). ''King of the Beggars: A life of Daniel O'Connell''. Mercier Press. p.198</ref>

The [[Emmanuel Barthélemy#The last duel in England|last duel in England]] was fought in 1852 between two French political exiles.<ref name="KEG" /> In 1862, in an article entitled ''Dead (and gone) Shots'', [[Charles Dickens]] recalled the rules and myths of Irish dueling in his periodical ''[[All the Year Round]]''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Dickens |first=Charles |author2=Chapman and Hall |date=May 10, 1862 |title=All the year round |publisher=Dickens & Evans (Firm) |pages=212–216 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KdUNAAAAQAAJ&q=%22crow+ryan%22&pg=PA213}}</ref>

=====British prime ministers who took part in duels=====
Four [[List of Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom|Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom]] engaged in duels, although only two of them – Pitt and Wellington – held the office at the time of their duels.
* [[William Petty, 2nd Earl of Shelburne]] fought a duel with [[William Fullarton|Colonel William Fullarton]] (1780)
* [[Pitt–Tierney duel]]. [[William Pitt the Younger]] fought a duel with [[George Tierney]] (1798)
* [[Canning–Castlereagh duel]]. [[George Canning]] fought a duel with [[Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh|Lord Castlereagh]] (1809)
*[[Wellington–Winchilsea duel]]. The [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington|Duke of Wellington]] fought a duel with [[George Finch-Hatton, 10th Earl of Winchilsea|Lord Winchilsea]] (1829)

====Holy Roman Empire and Germany====
In [[Early New High German]], the duel was known as ''Kampf'', or ''Kampffechten''. The German dueling tradition originates in the Late Middle Ages, within the [[German school of fencing]]. In the 15th century, duels were fought between members of the nobility wearing full [[Plate armour|plate armor]]. During the late 16th and the 17th century, this tradition was gradually replaced with the modern fencing with the rapier following the [[Dardi school]], while at the same time the practice of dueling spread to the [[Bourgeoisie|bourgeois]] classes, especially among [[Academic fencing|students]].

The term ''Kampf'' is replaced by the modern German ''Duell'' during the same period, attested in the Latin form ''duellum'' from c. 1600, and as ''Duell'' from the 1640s.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/etymologisches00klug |title=Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache |language=de |last=Kluge |first=Friedrich |year=1899 |edition=6th |via=Internet Archive |access-date=2021-10-07 |location=Strasbourg |publisher=Trübner}}</ref> A modern remnant of German dueling culture is found in the non-lethal Mensur tradition in academic fencing.

====Greece====
In the [[Ionian Islands]] in the 19th century, there was a practice of formalized fighting between men over points of honor. Knives were the weapons used in such fights. They would begin with an exchange of sexually related insults in a public place such as a tavern, and the men would fight with the intention of slashing the other's face, rather than killing. As soon as blood was drawn onlookers would intervene to separate the men. The winner would often spit on his opponent and dip his [[neckerchief]] in the blood of the loser, or wipe the blood off his knife with it.

The winner would generally make no attempt to avoid arrest and would receive a light penalty, such as a short jail sentence and/or a small fine.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Thomas W. |last=Gallant |url=http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/ahr/105.2/ah000359.html |title=Honor, Masculinity, and Ritual Knife Fighting in Nineteenth-Century Greece |journal=The American Historical Review |volume=105 |issue=2 |publisher=The History Cooperative |access-date=2021-10-07 |url-status= |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120629064602/http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/ahr/105.2/ah000359.html |archive-date=2012-06-29 |date=2000-09-20|pages=359–382 |doi=10.2307/1571456 |jstor=1571456 }}</ref>

====Poland====
In Poland, duels have been known since the Middle Ages. The best known Polish code was written as late as 1919 by Władysław Boziewicz. At this time duels were already forbidden in Poland, but the "Polish Honorary Code" was quite widely in use. Punishments for participation in duels were rather mild&nbsp;– up to a year's imprisonment if the outcome of the duel was death or grievous bodily harm.<ref>{{cite web |first=Marek |last=Adamiec |url=http://monika.univ.gda.pl/~literat/honor/ |title=Polski kodeks honorowy |publisher=Monika.univ.gda.pl |access-date=2010-05-30 |archive-date=2010-03-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100329073845/http://monika.univ.gda.pl/~literat/honor/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

====Russia====
[[File:Duel of Pushkin and d'Anthes (19th century).jpg|thumb|Depiction of the pistol duel of [[Alexander Pushkin]] vs. [[Georges d'Anthès]], January 1837, an 1869 painting by [[Adrian Volkov]]]]

The tradition of dueling and the word ''duel'' itself were brought to Russia in the 17th century by adventurers in Russian service. Dueling quickly became so popular – and the number of casualties among the commanding ranks so high – that, in 1715, Emperor [[Peter I of Russia|Peter I]] was forced to forbid the practice on pain of having both duelists hanged. Despite this official ban, dueling became a significant military tradition in the Russian Empire with a detailed unwritten [[Code duello|dueling code]]&nbsp;– which was eventually written down by V. Durasov and released in print in 1908.<ref>V. Durasov "The Dueling Code" {{ISBN|5-7905-1634-3}}</ref> This code forbade duels between people of different [[Table of Ranks|ranks]]. For instance, an infantry captain could not challenge a major but could easily pick on a Titular Counsellor. On the other hand, a higher ranked person could not stoop to challenge lower ranks; so, it was up to his subordinates or servants to take revenge on their master's behalf.

Dueling was also common among prominent Russian writers, poets, and politicians. The Russian poet [[Alexander Pushkin]] fought 29 duels, challenging many prominent figures<ref>{{cite web |url=http://d-push.net/ |title=Pushkin duels. Full list |publisher=D-push.net |access-date=2012-10-22 |language=ru}}</ref> before being killed in a duel with [[Georges d'Anthès]] in 1837. His successor [[Mikhail Lermontov]] was killed four years later by fellow Army officer [[Nikolai Martynov]]. The dueling tradition died out in the [[Russian Empire]] slowly from the mid-19th century.