Editing Dome (section)

=== Persian domes ===
{{main|History of Persian domes}}
{{See also|Gonbad}}
[[File:Sheikh Lotfallah Esfahan.JPG|thumb|right|[[Sheikh Lotfollah Mosque]], [[Isfahan]]]]

[[Iranian architecture|Persian architecture]] likely inherited an architectural tradition of dome-building dating back to the earliest Mesopotamian domes.{{sfn|Spiers|1911|p=957}} Due to the scarcity of wood in many areas of the [[Iranian plateau]] and [[Greater Iran]], domes were an important part of [[vernacular architecture]] throughout Persian history.{{sfn|O'Kane|1995}} The Persian invention of the [[squinch]], a series of concentric arches forming a half-cone over the corner of a room, enabled the transition from the walls of a square chamber to an octagonal base for a dome in a way reliable enough for large constructions and domes moved to the forefront of Persian architecture as a result.{{sfn|Creswell|1915a|p=148}} Pre-Islamic domes in Persia are commonly semi-elliptical, with pointed domes and those with conical outer shells being the majority of the domes in the Islamic periods.{{sfn|Ashkan|Ahmad|2009|p=113}}

The area of north-eastern Iran was, along with Egypt, one of two areas notable for early developments in Islamic domed mausoleums, which appear in the tenth century.{{sfn|Grabar|1963|pp=192–194}} The [[Samanid Mausoleum]] in [[Transoxiana]] dates to no later than 943 and is the first to have squinches create a regular octagon as a base for the dome, which then became the standard practice. Cylindrical or polygonal plan tower tombs with conical roofs over domes also exist beginning in the 11th century.{{sfn|O'Kane|1995}}

The [[Seljuk Empire]]'s notables built tomb-towers, called "Turkish Triangles", as well as cube mausoleums covered with a variety of dome forms. Seljuk domes included conical, semi-circular, and pointed shapes in one or two shells. Shallow semi-circular domes are mainly found from the Seljuk era. The double-shell domes were either discontinuous or continuous.{{sfn|Ashkan|Ahmad|2009|pp=102, 104, 105, 113}} The domed enclosure of the [[Jameh Mosque of Isfahan]], built in 1086-7 by [[Nizam al-Mulk]], was the largest masonry dome in the Islamic world at that time, had eight ribs, and introduced a new form of corner squinch with two quarter domes supporting a short barrel vault. In 1088 Tāj-al-Molk, a rival of Nizam al-Mulk, built another dome at the opposite end of the same mosque with interlacing ribs forming five-pointed stars and pentagons. This is considered the landmark Seljuk dome, and may have inspired subsequent patterning and the domes of the Il-Khanate period. The use of tile and of plain or painted plaster to decorate dome interiors, rather than brick, increased under the Seljuks.{{sfn|O'Kane|1995}}

Beginning in the [[Ilkhanate]], Persian domes achieved their final configuration of structural supports, zone of transition, drum, and shells, and subsequent evolution was restricted to variations in form and shell geometry. Characteristic of these domes are the use of high drums and several types of discontinuous double-shells, and the development of triple-shells and internal stiffeners occurred at this time. The construction of tomb towers decreased.{{sfn|Ashkan|Ahmad|2009|pp=105, 110}} The 7.5 meter wide double dome of [[Soltan Bakht Agha Mausoleum]] (1351–1352) is the earliest known example in which the two shells of the dome have significantly different profiles, which spread rapidly throughout the region.{{sfn|Ashkan|Ahmad|2009|p=106}} The development of taller drums also continued into the Timurid period.{{sfn|O'Kane|1995}} The large, bulbous, fluted domes on tall drums that are characteristic of 15th century Timurid architecture were the culmination of the Central Asian and Iranian tradition of tall domes with glazed tile coverings in blue and other colors.{{sfn|Peterson|1996|p=68}}

The domes of the [[Safavid dynasty]] (1501–1732) are characterized by a distinctive bulbous profile and are considered the last generation of Persian domes. They are generally thinner than earlier domes and are decorated with a variety of colored glazed tiles and complex vegetal patterns, and they were influential on those of other Islamic styles, such as the Mughal architecture of India.{{sfn|Ashkan|Ahmad|2009|pp=102, 108–109}} An exaggerated style of onion dome on a short drum, as can be seen at the [[Shah Cheragh]] (1852–1853), first appeared in the [[Qajar dynasty|Qajar period]]. Domes have remained important in modern mausoleums, and domed [[Ab anbar|cisterns]] and [[Yakhchal|icehouses]] remain common sights in the countryside.{{sfn|O'Kane|1995}}