Editing Demographics of Italy (section)

==Genetics and ethnic groups==
{{Main|Genetic history of Italy}}
[[File:Principal Component Analysis of the Italian population.png|thumb|right|[[Principal Component Analysis]] of the Italian population.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Characterization of the biological processes shaping the genetic structure of the Italian population|year=2015|journal=BMC Genetics|doi=10.1186/s12863-015-0293-x|last1=Parolo|first1=Silvia|last2=Lisa|first2=Antonella|last3=Gentilini|first3=Davide|last4=Di Blasio|first4=Anna Maria|last5=Barlera|first5=Simona|last6=Nicolis|first6=Enrico B.|last7=Boncoraglio|first7=Giorgio B.|last8=Parati|first8=Eugenio A.|last9=Bione|first9=Silvia|volume=16|page=132|doi-broken-date=5 December 2024 |pmid=26553317|pmc=4640365|s2cid=17969623 |doi-access=free}}</ref>]]

The [[genetic history of Italy]] is greatly influenced by geography and history. The ancestors of Italians are mostly [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] speakers ([[Italic peoples]] such as [[Latins (Italic tribe)|Latins]], [[Umbri]]ans, [[Samnites]], [[Oscans]], [[Sicels]] and [[Adriatic Veneti]], as well as [[Cisalpine Gaul|Celts]], [[Iapygians]] and [[Magna Graecia|Greeks]]) and [[pre-Indo-European languages|pre-Indo-European]] speakers ([[Etruscans]], [[Ligures]], [[Rhaetians]] and [[Camunni]] in mainland Italy, [[Sicani]] and [[Elymians]] in Sicily and the [[Nuragic civilization|Nuragic people]] in [[Sardinia]]). During the [[Roman Empire|imperial period]] of [[Ancient Rome]], the [[city of Rome]] was also home to people from various regions throughout the Mediterranean basin, including [[Southern Europe]], [[North Africa]] and the [[Middle East]].<ref name="Antonio_2019" >{{cite journal | vauthors = Antonio ML, Gao Z, Moots HM, Lucci M, Candilio F, Sawyer S, Oberreiter V, Calderon D, Devitofranceschi K, Aikens RC, Aneli S, Bartoli F, Bedini A, Cheronet O, Cotter DJ, Fernandes DM, Gasperetti G, Grifoni R, Guidi A, La Pastina F, Loreti E, Manacorda D, Matullo G, Morretta S, Nava A, Fiocchi Nicolai V, Nomi F, Pavolini C, Pentiricci M, Pergola P, Piranomonte M, Schmidt R, Spinola G, Sperduti A, Rubini M, Bondioli L, Coppa A, Pinhasi R, Pritchard JK | display-authors = 6 | title = Ancient Rome: A genetic crossroads of Europe and the Mediterranean | journal = Science | volume = 366 | issue = 6466 | pages = 708–714 | date = November 2019 | pmid = 31699931 | pmc = 7093155 | doi = 10.1126/science.aay6826 | publisher = American Association for the Advancement of Science | hdl-access = free | publication-date = November 8, 2019 | bibcode = 2019Sci...366..708A | hdl = 2318/1715466 | quote = Interestingly, although Iron Age individuals were sampled from both Etruscan (n=3) and Latin (n=6) contexts, we did not detect any significant differences between the two groups with f4 statistics in the form of f4(RMPR_Etruscan, RMPR_Latin; test population, Onge), suggesting shared origins or extensive genetic exchange between them. ... In the Medieval and early modern periods (n = 28 individuals), we observe an ancestry shift toward central and northern Europe in PCA (Fig. 3E), as well as a further increase in the European cluster (C7) and loss of the Near Eastern and eastern Mediterranean clusters (C4 and C5) in ChromoPainter (Fig. 4C). The Medieval population is roughly centered on modern-day central Italians (Fig. 3F). It can be modeled as a two-way combination of Rome's Late Antique population and a European donor population, with potential sources including many ancient and modern populations in central and northern Europe: Lombards from Hungary, Saxons from England, and Vikings from Sweden, among others (table S26).}}</ref> Based on DNA analysis, there is evidence of ancient regional genetic substructure and continuity within modern Italy dating to the pre-Roman and Roman periods.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ralph P, Coop G | title = The geography of recent genetic ancestry across Europe | journal = PLOS Biology | volume = 11 | issue = 5 | pages = e1001555 | year = 2013 | pmid = 23667324 | pmc = 3646727 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001555 |ref = {{Harvid|Antonio et al.|2019}} | doi-access = free}}</ref><ref name="Raveane_2019">{{cite journal | vauthors = Raveane A, Aneli S, Montinaro F, Athanasiadis G, Barlera S, Birolo G, Boncoraglio G, Di Blasio AM, Di Gaetano C, Pagani L, Parolo S, Paschou P, Piazza A, Stamatoyannopoulos G, Angius A, Brucato N, Cucca F, Hellenthal G, Mulas A, Peyret-Guzzon M, Zoledziewska M, Baali A, Bycroft C, Cherkaoui M, Chiaroni J, Di Cristofaro J, Dina C, Dugoujon JM, Galan P, Giemza J, Kivisild T, Mazieres S, Melhaoui M, Metspalu M, Myers S, Pereira L, Ricaut FX, Brisighelli F, Cardinali I, Grugni V, Lancioni H, Pascali VL, Torroni A, Semino O, Matullo G, Achilli A, Olivieri A, Capelli C | display-authors = 6 | title = Population structure of modern-day Italians reveals patterns of ancient and archaic ancestries in Southern Europe | journal = Science Advances | volume = 5 | issue = 9 | pages = eaaw3492 | date = September 2019 | pmid = 31517044 | pmc = 6726452 | doi = 10.1126/sciadv.aaw3492 | bibcode = 2019SciA....5.3492R}}</ref><ref name="Capocasa_2014">{{cite journal | vauthors = Capocasa M, Anagnostou P, Bachis V, Battaggia C, Bertoncini S, Biondi G, Boattini A, Boschi I, Brisighelli F, Caló CM, Carta M, Coia V, Corrias L, Crivellaro F, De Fanti S, Dominici V, Ferri G, Francalacci P, Franceschi ZA, Luiselli D, Morelli L, Paoli G, Rickards O, Robledo R, Sanna D, Sanna E, Sarno S, Sineo L, Taglioli L, Tagarelli G, Tofanelli S, Vona G, Pettener D, Destro Bisol G | display-authors = 6 | title = Linguistic, geographic and genetic isolation: a collaborative study of Italian populations | journal = Journal of Anthropological Sciences | volume = 92 | issue = 92| pages = 201–31 | date = 2014 | pmid = 24607994 | doi = 10.4436/JASS.92001 | url = https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259623141}}</ref><ref name="Modietal_2020">{{cite journal | vauthors = Modi A, Lancioni H, Cardinali I, Capodiferro MR, Rambaldi Migliore N, Hussein A, Strobl C, Bodner M, Schnaller L, Xavier C, Rizzi E, Bonomi Ponzi L, Vai S, Raveane A, Cavadas B, Semino O, Torroni A, Olivieri A, Lari M, Pereira L, Parson W, Caramelli D, Achilli A | display-authors = 6 | title = The mitogenome portrait of Umbria in Central Italy as depicted by contemporary inhabitants and pre-Roman remains | journal = Scientific Reports | volume = 10 | issue = 1 | pages = 10700 | date = July 2020 | pmid = 32612271 | pmc = 7329865 | doi = 10.1038/s41598-020-67445-0 | bibcode = 2020NatSR..1010700M}}</ref>

Within the Italian population, there is enough [[Italian culture|cultural]], [[Languages of Italy|linguistic]], [[Genetic history of Italy|genetic]] and [[History of Italy#Unification (1814–1861)|historical]] diversity for them to constitute several distinct groups throughout the peninsula.<ref>«Italians, though often described as a homogeneous people, are divided into several culturally, socially, and politically diverse groups throughout the peninsula.» Jeffrey Cole (edited by), ''Ethnic Groups of Europe: An Encyclopedia'', Santa Barbara (California), ABC-CLIO, 2011, p.204</ref> In this regard, peoples like the [[Friulians]], the [[Ladin people|Ladins]], the [[Sardinian people|Sardinians]] and the [[South Tyrol|name=Bolzano ]]eans, who also happen to constitute recognized linguistic minorities, or even the [[Sicilians]] who are not, are cases in point, attesting to such internal diversity.

Linguistic minorities in Italy include Sardu-speakers 1 million, Tyrolese German-speakers 350,000, Albanians 70,000 – 100,000, Slovenes 60,000, Franco-Provençal-speakers 50,000 – 70,000, Occitans 20,000 – 40,000, Ladins 30,000, Catalans 15,000, Greek-speakers 12,000, Croatians 3,000 and Friulians 600,000. The [[Romani people|Roma]] community is one of the largest ethnic minorities in Italy. Due to the lack of disaggregated data the size of the Italian Roma community remains unknown. The [[Council of Europe]] estimates that between 120,000 and 180,000 Roma live in Italy. A significant proportion of Roma in Italy do not have Italian citizenship.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://minorityrights.org/country/italy/|title= Italy - World Directory of Minorities & Indigenous Peoples|date= 2 November 2023}}</ref>