Editing Dead Sea Scrolls (section)

==Publication==
===Physical publication===
[[File:Dead Sea Scroll Scholar Examination.jpg|thumb|right|Scholars assembling Dead Sea Scrolls fragments at the Rockefeller Museum (formerly the Palestine Archaeological Museum)]]

Some of the fragments and scrolls were published early. Most of the longer, more complete scrolls were published soon after their discovery. All the writings in Cave 1 appeared in print between 1950 and 1956; those from eight other caves were released in 1963; and in 1965 the Psalms Scroll from Cave 11 was published. Their translations into English soon followed.

Publication of the scrolls has taken many decades, and delays have been a source of academic controversy. The scrolls were controlled by a small group of scholars headed by John Strugnell, while a majority of scholars had access neither to the scrolls nor even to photographs of the text. Scholars such as Norman Golb, publishers and writers such as [[Hershel Shanks]], and many others argued for decades for publishing the texts, so that they become available to researchers. This controversy only ended in 1991, when the [[Biblical Archaeology Society]] was able to publish the "Facsimile Edition of the Dead Sea Scrolls", after an intervention of the Israeli government and the IAA.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://archive.seattletimes.com/archive/19910922/1306832/copies-of-dead-sea-scrolls-to-go-public |title=Copies of Dead Sea Scrolls To Go Public – Release Would End Scholars' Dispute' |work=[[The Seattle Times]] |date=22 September 1991 |access-date=2 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021081134/http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=19910922&slug=1306832 |archive-date=21 October 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 1991 [[Emanuel Tov]] was appointed as the chairman of the Dead Sea Scrolls Foundation, and publication of the scrolls followed in the same year.

The majority of the scrolls consist of tiny, brittle fragments, which were published at a pace considered by many to be excessively slow. During early assembly and translation work by scholars through the Rockefeller Museum from the 1950s through the 1960s, access to the unpublished documents was limited to the editorial committee.{{citation needed|date=December 2018}}

====''Discoveries in the Judaean Desert'' (1955–2009)====
The content of the scrolls was published in a 40-volume series by [[Oxford University Press]] between 1955 and 2009 known as ''[[Discoveries in the Judaean Desert]]''.<ref name="orion.mscc.huji.ac.il">{{cite web|url=http://orion.mscc.huji.ac.il/resources/djd.shtml|title=DJD Index|publisher=Hebrew University|access-date=12 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120519110203/http://orion.mscc.huji.ac.il/resources/djd.shtml|archive-date=19 May 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1952 the Jordanian Department of Antiquities assembled a team of scholars to begin examining, assembling, and translating the scrolls with the intent of publishing them.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yourbiblequotes.com/dead-sea-scrolls/|title=The Dead Sea Scrolls|publisher=Your Bible Quotes|date=28 July 2014|access-date=28 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140809032608/http://www.yourbiblequotes.com/dead-sea-scrolls/|archive-date=9 August 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> The initial publication, assembled by [[Dominique Barthélemy]] and Józef Milik, was published as ''Qumran Cave 1'' in 1955.{{r|orion.mscc.huji.ac.il}} After a series of other publications in the late 1980s and early 1990s and with the appointment of the respected Dutch-Israeli textual scholar Emanuel Tov as editor-in-chief of the Dead Sea Scrolls Publication Project in 1990 publication of the scrolls accelerated. Tov's team had published five volumes covering the Cave 4 documents by 1995. Between 1990 and 2009, Tov helped the team produce 32 volumes. The final volume, Volume XL, was published in 2009.

====''A Preliminary Edition of the Unpublished Dead Sea Scrolls'' (1991)====
In 1991, researchers at [[Hebrew Union College – Jewish Institute of Religion|Hebrew Union College]] in [[Cincinnati]], Ohio, Ben Zion Wacholder and [[Martin Abegg]], announced the creation of a computer program that used previously published scrolls to reconstruct the unpublished texts.<ref>{{citation |url=http://huc.edu/news/article/2011/huc-jir-mourns-dr-ben-zion-wacholder-freehof-professor-emeritus-talmud-and |title=HUC-JIR Mourns Dr. Ben Zion Wacholder |publisher=Hebrew Union College – Jewish Institute of Religion |date=31 March 2011 |access-date=17 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118003723/http://huc.edu/news/article/2011/huc-jir-mourns-dr-ben-zion-wacholder-freehof-professor-emeritus-talmud-and |archive-date=18 November 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Officials at the [[Huntington Library]] in [[San Marino, California]], led by head librarian [[William Andrew Moffett]], announced that they would allow researchers unrestricted access to the library's complete set of photographs of the scrolls. In the fall of that year, Wacholder published 17 documents that had been reconstructed in 1988 from a [[Concordance (publishing)|concordance]] and had come into the hands of scholars outside of the international team; in the same month, there occurred the discovery and publication of a complete set of facsimiles of the Cave 4 materials at the Huntington Library. Thereafter, the officials of the IAA agreed to lift their long-standing restrictions on the use of the scrolls.<ref name="britan">{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/154274/Dead-Sea-Scrolls|title=Dead Sea Scrolls|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=26 June 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090412153300/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/154274/Dead-Sea-Scrolls|archive-date=12 April 2009|url-status=live}}</ref>

====''A Facsimile Edition of the Dead Sea Scrolls'' (1991)====
After further delays, attorney [[William John Cox]] undertook representation of an "undisclosed client", who had provided a complete set of the unpublished photographs, and contracted for their publication. Professors Robert Eisenman and [[James M. Robinson|James Robinson]] indexed the photographs and wrote an introduction to ''A Facsimile Edition of the Dead Sea Scrolls'', which was published by the Biblical Archaeology Society in 1991.<ref>[[Robert Eisenman|Eisenman, Robert H.]] and James Robinson, ''A Facsimile Edition of the Dead Sea Scrolls'' in two volumes (Biblical Archaeology Society of Washington, DC, 1991).</ref> Following the publication of the ''Facsimile Edition'', Professor [[Elisha Qimron]] sued Hershel Shanks, Eisenman, Robinson and the Biblical Archaeology Society for copyright infringement for publishing without authorization or attribution his decipherment of one of the scrolls, MMT. The District Court of Jerusalem found in favour of Qimron.<ref>Civil Case (Jer) 41/92 Qimron v. Shanks et al. (30 March 1993) [Hebrew].</ref> The court issued a restraining order which prohibited the publication of the deciphered text, and ordered defendants to pay Qimron NIS 100,000 for infringing his copyright and the right of attribution. Defendants appealed the [[Supreme Court of Israel]] which approved the district court's decision. The Supreme Court further ordered that the defendants hand over to Qimron all the infringing copies.<ref>Unofficial translation of {{cite web |url=http://www.tau.ac.il/law/members/birnhack/DSStranslation.pdf |title=CA 2709/93, 2811/93 Eisenman et al v. Qimron (30 August 2000) |access-date=27 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130520081457/http://www.tau.ac.il/law/members/birnhack/DSStranslation.pdf |archive-date=20 May 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> The decision met Israeli and international criticism from copyright law scholars.<ref>{{citation |first=Michael D. |last=Birnhack |ssrn=905114 |title=The Dead Sea Scrolls Case: Who Is an Author? |others=23 (3) EIPR 128 (2001)|date=30 May 2006}}</ref><ref>Roberta Rosenthal Kwall, "Inspiration and Innovation: The Intrinsic Dimension of the Artistic Soul" 81 ''Notre Dame L. Rev.''. 1945 (2006)</ref><ref>David Nimmer, Authorship and Originality, 38 Houston L. Rev. 1, 159 (2001)</ref><ref>Urszula Tempska, "Originality after the Dead Sea Scrolls Decision: Implications for the American Law of Copyright", 6 Marq. Intell. Prop. L. Rev. 119 (2002).</ref><ref>Timothy H. Lim, "Intellectual Property and the Dead Sea Scrolls", ''Dead Sea Discoveries'' Vol 9, No. 2 (2002) p. 187.</ref>

====The Facsimile Edition (2007–2008)====
In November 2007 the Dead Sea Scrolls Foundation commissioned the London publisher Facsimile Editions Limited to produce a facsimile edition of The Great Isaiah Scroll (1QIs<sup>a</sup>), The Order of the Community (1QS), and The Pesher to Habakkuk (1QpHab).<ref name="Georgson">{{cite thesis | type=M.Divinity |title=Book Digitization: a Practical and Urgent Necessity for the Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod |url=http://essays.wisluthsem.org:8080/bitstream/handle/123456789/111/SeniorThesis2012Georgson.pdf |last=Georgson |first=Seth |year=2012 |publisher=Wisconsin Lutheran Seminary |page=26 |access-date=15 December 2012 }}{{dead link|date=December 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{citation |author=Rocker |first=Simon |title=The Dead Sea Scrolls...made in St John's Wood |date=16 November 2007 |url=http://website.thejc.com/home.aspx?ParentId=m13s100&AId=56661 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726031448/http://website.thejc.com/home.aspx?ParentId=m13s100&AId=56661 |archive-date=26 July 2011 |url-status=dead |publisher=The Jewish Chronicle}}.</ref> The facsimile was produced from 1948 photographs and so more faithfully represents the condition of the Isaiah Scroll at the time of its discovery than does the current condition of the Isaiah Scroll.{{r|Georgson}}

Of the first three facsimile sets, one was exhibited at the ''Early Christianity and the Dead Sea Scrolls'' exhibition in Seoul, South Korea, and a second set was purchased by the British Library in London. A further 46 sets including facsimiles of three fragments from Cave 4 (now in the collection of the National Archaeological Museum in Amman, Jordan) Testimonia (4Q175), Pesher Isaiah<sup>b</sup> (4Q162) and Qohelet (4Q109) were announced in May 2009. The edition is strictly limited to 49 numbered sets of these reproductions on either specially prepared parchment paper or real parchment.{{r|Georgson}} The facsimiles have since been exhibited in ''Qumrân. Le secret des manuscrits de la mer Morte'' at the [[Bibliothèque Nationale]], Paris, France (2010)<ref>{{citation |author=von Uthmann |first=Jorg |title=Exhibit offers context for Dead Sea Scrolls |date=18 June 2010 |url=http://www.heraldtribune.com/article/20100618/ARTICLE/6181000 |access-date=17 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118052340/http://www.heraldtribune.com/article/20100618/ARTICLE/6181000 |archive-date=18 November 2015 |url-status=dead |publisher=HeraldTribune.com}}.</ref> and ''Verbum Domini'' at the [[Vatican City|Vatican]], Rome, Italy (2012).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.news.va/en/news/verbum-domini-bible-exhibit-opens-in-vatican |title= 'Verbum Domini' Bible Exhibit opens in Vatican |publisher=News.va |date=29 February 2012 |access-date=17 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118070818/http://www.news.va/en/news/verbum-domini-bible-exhibit-opens-in-vatican |archive-date=18 November 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Digital publication===
The text of nearly all of the non-biblical scrolls has been recorded and tagged for [[Morphology (linguistics)|morphology]] by Martin Abegg, Jr., the Ben Zion Wacholder Professor of Dead Sea Scroll Studies at [[Trinity Western University]] located in Langley, British Columbia, Canada.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.olivetree.com/store/product.php?productid=17117|title=Qumran (non-biblical texts)|publisher=olivetree.com|access-date=13 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623202935/http://www.olivetree.com/store/product.php?productid=17117|archive-date=23 June 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> It is available on handheld devices through [[Olive Tree Bible Software]] and [[Logos Bible Software]].

The text of almost all of the non-biblical texts was released on CD-ROM by publisher E.J. Brill in 2005.<ref name="maxwellinstitute.byu.edu">"From Other Publishers: Dead Sea Scrolls Reader Released." http://maxwellinstitute.byu.edu/publications/insights/?vol=25&num=2&id=423 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130701184403/http://maxwellinstitute.byu.edu/publications/insights/?vol=25&num=2&id=423|date=1 July 2013}}.</ref> The 2,400 page, six-volume series, was assembled by an editorial team led by [[Donald W. Parry]] and Emanuel Tov.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brill.nl/dead-sea-scrolls-reader-6-vols|title=The Dead Sea Scrolls Reader (6 vols)|publisher=brill.nl|date=October 2004|access-date=13 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711220606/http://www.brill.nl/dead-sea-scrolls-reader-6-vols|archive-date=11 July 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> Unlike the text translations in the physical publication, ''Discoveries in the Judaean Desert,'' the texts are sorted by genres that include religious law, parabiblical texts, calendrical and sapiental texts, and poetic and liturgical works.{{r|maxwellinstitute.byu.edu}}

On 25 September 2011 the [[Israel Museum]] Digital Dead Sea Scrolls site went online.<ref>{{Cite web | title=Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Project at the Israel Museum, Jerusalem | url=http://dss.collections.imj.org.il | access-date=4 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Miller |first=Eyal |url=http://googleblog.blogspot.co.il/2011/09/from-desert-to-web-bringing-dead-sea.html |title=Official Blog: From the desert to the web: bringing the Dead Sea Scrolls online |publisher=Googleblog.blogspot.co.il |date=26 September 2011 |access-date=26 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121118095015/http://googleblog.blogspot.co.il/2011/09/from-desert-to-web-bringing-dead-sea.html |archive-date=18 November 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> It gives users access to searchable, high-resolution images of the scrolls, as well as short explanatory videos and background information on the texts and their history. {{As of|2012|05}}, five complete scrolls from the Israel Museum have been digitized for the project and are accessible online: the Great Isaiah Scroll, the Community Rule Scroll, the Commentary on Habakkuk Scroll, the Temple Scroll, and the War Scroll.