Editing Coriolis force (section)

=== Insect flight ===
Flies ([[Diptera]]) and some moths ([[Lepidoptera]]) exploit the Coriolis effect in flight with specialized appendages and organs that relay information about the [[angular velocity]] of their bodies. Coriolis forces resulting from linear motion of these appendages are detected within the rotating frame of reference of the insects' bodies. In the case of flies, their specialized appendages are dumbbell shaped organs located just behind their wings called "[[halteres]]".<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Fraenkel|first1=G.|last2=Pringle|first2=W.S.|title=Halteres of Flies as Gyroscopic Organs of Equilibrium|journal=Nature|date=21 May 1938|issue=3577|pages=919–920|doi=10.1038/141919a0|volume=141|bibcode = 1938Natur.141..919F |s2cid=4100772}}</ref>

The fly's halteres oscillate in a plane at the same beat frequency as the main wings so that any body rotation results in lateral deviation of the halteres from their plane of motion.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Dickinson|first1=M.|title=Haltere-mediated equilibrium reflexes of the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster|journal=Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond.|year=1999|issue=1385|pages=903–916|pmc=1692594|pmid=10382224|doi=10.1098/rstb.1999.0442|volume=354}}</ref>

In moths, their antennae are known to be responsible for the ''sensing'' of Coriolis forces in the similar manner as with the halteres in flies.<ref name="Sane S., Dieudonné, A., Willis, M., Daniel, T.date = February 2007">{{Cite journal|title = Antennal mechanosensors mediate flight control in moths|last = Sane S., Dieudonné, A., Willis, M., Daniel, T.|date = February 2007|journal = Science|doi = 10.1126/science.1133598|volume = 315|issue = 5813|pages = 863–866|bibcode = 2007Sci...315..863S|pmid = 17290001|url = http://www.hep.princeton.edu/%7Emcdonald/examples/mechanics/sane_science_315_863_07.pdf|citeseerx = 10.1.1.205.7318|s2cid = 2429129|access-date = 1 December 2017|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070622084447/http://www.hep.princeton.edu/~mcdonald/examples/mechanics/sane_science_315_863_07.pdf|archive-date = 22 June 2007|url-status = dead}}</ref> In both flies and moths, a collection of mechanosensors at the base of the appendage are sensitive to deviations at the beat frequency, correlating to rotation in the [[Aircraft principal axes#Principal axes|pitch and roll]] planes, and at twice the beat frequency, correlating to rotation in the [[yaw (rotation)|yaw]] plane.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Fox|first1=J|last2=Daniel|first2=T|title=A neural basis for gyroscopic force measurement in the halteres of Holorusia|journal=Journal of Comparative Physiology|year=2008|volume=194|issue=10|pages=887–897|doi=10.1007/s00359-008-0361-z|pmid=18751714|s2cid=15260624}}</ref><ref name="Sane S., Dieudonné, A., Willis, M., Daniel, T.date = February 2007" />