Editing Cohabitation (section)

====Iran====
In [[Iran]], the cohabitation of two people is known as 'white marriage'. According to researchers, the number of white marriages in Iranian [[Metropolis|metropolises]] is increasing.<ref name=":1">{{cite book |last=Ahmady |first=Kameel |display-authors=et al |year=2021 |title=House with Open Door A comprehensive research study on white marriage (cohabitation) in Iran |publisher=Mehri Publication |place=London, UK}}</ref><ref name=yyyy>{{Cite journal |last=Ahmady |first=Kameel |date=2021-04-06 |title=Changing the Attitude of Young People Towards Marriage with a Focus on Law and Environmental Conditions such as Religion and Custom |journal=Psychology and Education Journal |volume=58 |issue=4 |pages=5233–5244 |url=http://psychologyandeducation.net/pae/index.php/pae/article/view/6826 |issn=1553-6939 |language=en}} [http://psychologyandeducation.net/pae/index.php/pae/article/view/6826/5653 PDF]<br/>{{*}}{{cite conference |last=Ahmady |first=Kameel |title=Changing the Attitude of Young People Towards Marriage with a Focus on Law and Environmental Conditions such as Religion and Custom |conference=8th International Conferences on Economics and Social Sciences hosted by Cyprus Science University, Antalya, TURKEY |pages=314–328 |date=October 2022}}</ref><ref name=bbc-30391593>{{Cite news |date=2014-12-10 |title=Can Iran 'control' its cohabiting couples? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-30391593 |access-date=2023-02-04 |work=BBC News}}</ref><ref name=xxxx>{{Cite web |date=2016-02-05 |title=Iranian Couples Increasingly Living Together Outside of Marriage |url=https://iranhumanrights.org/2016/02/white-marriage/ |access-date=2023-02-04 |website=Center for Human Rights in Iran}}</ref><ref name=LATimes>{{Cite web |author1=Ramin Mostaghim |author2=Sarah Parvini |date=2015-05-29 |title='White marriage' a growing trend for young couples in Iran |url=https://www.latimes.com/world/middleeast/la-fg-iran-white-marriage-20150529-story.html |access-date=2023-02-04 |website=Los Angeles Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=Mehrnaz Samimi |date=6 January 2014 |title=More unmarried couples living together in Iran |website=Al-Monitor |url=https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2014/01/iranian-unmarried-couples-living-together.html |access-date=2023-02-04}}</ref><ref name=article/370805>{{Cite web |title=کلان شهر تهران و ظهور نشانه های الگوی تازه ای از روابط زن و مرد؛ مطالعه زمینه ها، فرایند، و پیامدهای هم خانگی |trans-title=Tehran metropolis and the emergence of signs of a new model of male-female relations; A study of contexts, processes, and consequences of domestication |website=پرتال جامع علوم انسانی |trans-website=Comprehensive humanities portal |url=http://ensani.ir/fa/article/370805/%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1-%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%88-%D8%B8%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1-%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87-%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%AF%D9%88%DB%8C-%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%87-%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B7-%D8%B2%D9%86-%D9%88-%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF-%D9%85%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%87-%D8%B2%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%87-%D9%87%D8%A7-%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF-%D9%88-%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D9%87%D9%85-%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C |access-date=2023-02-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204201443/http://ensani.ir/fa/article/370805/%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1-%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%88-%D8%B8%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1-%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87-%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%AF%D9%88%DB%8C-%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%87-%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B7-%D8%B2%D9%86-%D9%88-%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF-%D9%85%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%87-%D8%B2%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%87-%D9%87%D8%A7-%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF-%D9%88-%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D9%87%D9%85-%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C |archive-date=4 February 2023 |url-status=dead |language=fa}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-02 |title=ازدواج سفید در ایران، جایگزین ازدواج سنتی و روش مبارزه با قوانین اسلامی |trans-title=White marriage in Iran, an alternative to traditional marriage and a method of fighting against Islamic laws |website=ایندیپندنت فارسی |trans-website=Farsi Independent |url=https://www.independentpersian.com/node/143326/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C-%D9%88-%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%DB%8C/%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AC-%D8%B3%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%AF-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%8C-%D8%AC%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%AF%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%86-%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AC-%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C-%D9%88-%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B4-%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B2%D9%87-%D8%A8%D8%A7-%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C |access-date=2023-02-04 |language=fa}}</ref>

Under Iranian law, which is based on [[Islamic Sharia Council|Islamic Sharia]] law, the cohabitation of a man and a woman outside the framework of official marriage is a crime.<ref name=bbc-30391593/><ref name=xxxx/><ref name=idUSL8N0XO11120150427>{{Cite news |date=2015-04-27 |title=Iran bans magazine for encouraging cohabitation over wedlock - report |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/iran-judiciary-publication-idUSL8N0XO11120150427 |access-date=2023-02-04 |work=Reuters}}<br/>{{*}}{{Cite news |agency=Reuters |date=2015-04-27 |title=Iran bans magazine after 'white marriage' special |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/apr/27/iran-bans-magazine-white-marriage-unmarried-couples-cohabiting |access-date=2023-02-04 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

It is estimated that the duration of a cohabitation in Iran is between one and three years.<ref name=bbc-30391593/><ref name=a-45206118>{{Cite web |title=ازدواج سفید: تغییر سبک زندگی در ایران یا معضل اجتماعی؟ – DW – ۱۳۹۷/۶/۲ |trans-title=White marriage: lifestyle change in Iran or a social problem? - DW - 6/2/1397 |url=https://www.dw.com/fa-ir/%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AC-%D8%B3%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%AF-%D8%AA%D8%BA%DB%8C%DB%8C%D8%B1-%D8%B3%D8%A8%DA%A9-%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%AF%DB%8C-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%DB%8C%D8%A7-%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B6%D9%84-%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%DB%8C/a-45206118 |access-date=2023-02-04 |website=dw.com |language=fa}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite report |title=Relations outside of marriage in Iran and marriages without the accept of the family |place=Copenhagen |date=February 2018 |publisher=Danish Immigration Service |url=https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/5ab8ea1b4.pdf}}</ref> 

Cohabitation has no place in Iran from traditional social, legal and [[Religion|religious]] points of view.<ref name=xxxx/><ref name=idUSL8N0XO11120150427/><ref>{{cite journal |last=Ahmady |first=Kameel |title="زیر پوست شهر": تحلیل پدیده ازدواج سفید در کلان شهرهای ایران، |trans-title="Under the Skin of the City": Analysis of the White Marriage Phenomenon in Iran's Big Cities |journal=نشریه علمی مطالعات پژوهشی در علوم انسانی و علوم اجتماعی |trans-journal=Journal of Research Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences |volume=63 |date=Summer 2019 |pages=94–108 |language=fa}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Esfandiari |first=Golnaz |date=6 December 2014 |title=Rise In Cohabitation Has Iran Officials Railing Against 'White Marriage' |work=RadioFreeEurope / RadioLiberty |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/26728820.html |access-date=2023-02-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rodziewicz |first=Magdalena |date=Summer 2020 |title=The Legal Debate on the Phenomenon of 'White Marriages' in Contemporary Iran |journal=Anthropology of the Middle East |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=50–63 |doi=10.3167/ame.2020.150105 |s2cid=218967303 |issn=1746-0719|doi-access=free }}</ref> However, cohabitation in Iran can be explained by considering recent cultural changes in Iranian society, including the growth of [[individualism]], [[modernity]], and fluid relationships, and the gaps and conflicts between values.<ref name=yyyy/><ref name=article/370805/><ref>{{Cite web |title= واکاوی پدیدارشناسانه (ازدواج سفید)، مورد مطالعه: جوانان شهر تهران |trans-title=Phenomenological analysis (white marriage), case study: Tehran youth |website=پرتال جامع علوم انسانی |trans-website=Comprehensive humanities portal |language=fa |url=http://ensani.ir/fa/article/497377/%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C-%D9%BE%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87-%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AC-%D8%B3%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%AF-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF-%D9%85%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%87-%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1-%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86 |access-date=2023-02-04 |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204201436/http://ensani.ir/fa/article/497377/%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C-%D9%BE%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87-%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AC-%D8%B3%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%AF-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF-%D9%85%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%87-%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1-%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |author1=Nian Abdi |author2=Afroz Saz |author3=Alamet Betul |date=11 April 2018 |title=های پیامد و سفید ازدواج آن در ایران کشور |trans-title=The consequences and whiteness of its marriage in Iran |journal=مجله دستاوردهای نوین در مطالعات علوم انسانی |trans-journal=Journal of new achievements in humanities studies |language=fa |url=http://ensani.ir/file/download/article/1612094025-10144-99-74.pdf |access-date=4 February 2023 |url-status=live |archive-date=4 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204201439/http://ensani.ir/file/download/article/1612094025-10144-99-74.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Cohabitation: Iran's Common but Unrecognized Phenomenon |website=Iran Open Data |date=5 April 2022 |language=en |url=https://iranopendata.org/en/pages/56e |access-date=2023-02-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Ahmady |first=Kameel |title=Temporary and Child Marriages in Iran and Afghanistan |chapter=The Role of Temporary Marriage (TM) in Promoting Early Child Marriage (ECM) in Iran |date=2021 |work=Temporary and Child Marriages in Iran and Afghanistan: Historical Perspectives and Contemporary Issues |pages=47–66 |editor-last=Hosseini |editor-first=S. Behnaz |place=Singapore |publisher=Springer |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-981-33-4469-3_3 |isbn=978-981-334-469-3 |s2cid=234317299}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=آپارات - سرویس اشتراک ویدیو |trans-title=Aparat - video sharing service |url=https://www.aparat.com/v/98iFz |access-date=2023-02-04 |website=آپارات - سرویس اشتراک ویدیو |trans-website=Aparat - video sharing service |language=fa}}</ref>

Various factors such as economic crises and cultural and social changes in cities are reasons for the increase in the number of cohabitation in Iran. In other words, the emergence of [[capitalism]], the increase of job insecurity, the emergence of moral [[liberalism]], the revision of cultural traditions, the anonymity of people in cities, the elimination of the concepts and functions of neighborhoods, changes in family structures and the emergence of temporary relationships are among the major reasons for white marriage in Iran.<ref name=":1"/><ref name=yyyy/><ref name=LATimes/><ref name=a-45206118/><ref name=":2"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=برساخت اجتماعی ازدواج سفید |trans-title=The social construction of white marriage |website=پرتال جامع علوم انسانی |trans-website=Comprehensive humanities portal |language=fa |url=http://ensani.ir/fa/article/464341/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AC-%D8%B3%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%AF |access-date=2023-02-04 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2023-02-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204201437/http://ensani.ir/fa/article/464341/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AC-%D8%B3%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%AF}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Omidvar |first1=Pouran |last2=Danesh |first2=Parvaneh |last3=Javaheri |first3=Fatemeh |last4=Zahedi Mazandarani |first4=Mohammad javad |date=2019-03-10 |title=Studying the cohabitation subculture in metropolis Tehran (backgrounds and consequents) |journal=Social Welfare Quarterly |volume=18 |issue=71 |pages=279–320 |doi=10.29252/refahj.18.71.8 |s2cid=200062397|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Beyond the Shari'a: "White Marriages" in the Islamic Republic of Iran |publisher=Association for Iranian Studies (AIS) {{!}} انجمن ایران‌ پژوهی |url=https://associationforiranianstudies.org/content/beyond-sharia-white-marriages-islamic-republic-iran|access-date=2023-02-04|website=associationforiranianstudies.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title="ازدواج سفید شبه قانونی" بدیلی در برابر ازدواج سنتی؟ – DW – ۱۳۹۶/۸/۱۱ |trans-title="White quasi-legal marriage" an alternative to traditional marriage? - DW - 8/11/1396 |website=dw.com |language=fa |url=https://www.dw.com/fa-ir/%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AC-%D8%B3%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%AF-%D8%B4%D8%A8%D9%87-%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C-%D8%A8%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AC-%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C/a-41206307|access-date=2023-02-04}}</ref>

New research published by social anthropologist [[Kameel Ahmady]] and his team under the title '''''House with Open Door'':''' ''A Comprehensive Research Study on White Marriage (Cohabitation) in Iran'' reveals the previously concealed and multi-dimensional aspects of this phenomenon at the macro level, focusing on the [[Tehran]], [[Mashhad]] and [[Isfahan]] metropolitan areas. The research pieces argues that this phenomenon is more prevalent among educated and post-graduate young people who have migrated to metropolitan areas for work and education.<ref name=":1"/><ref name=yyyy/><ref name=a-45206118/><ref>{{Cite news |author=Niloufar Rostami |date=14 August 2019 |title=IranWire Speaks to Wife of Jailed Iranian-British Anthropologist |website=IranWire |language=en |url=https://iranwire.com/en/features/66235/ |access-date=2023-02-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kameel Ahmady |website=The Human Trafficking & Modern Slavery Expert Directory |url=https://www.humantraffickingexperts.com/main/business_details/359 |access-date=2023-02-04}}</ref>