Editing Climate variability and change (section)

==== Glaciers and ice sheets ====
[[Glacier]]s are considered among the most sensitive indicators of a changing climate.<ref name="Seiz-2007">{{cite report|last=Seiz |first=G. |author2=N. Foppa |title=The activities of the World Glacier Monitoring Service (WGMS) |year=2007 |url=http://www.meteoswiss.admin.ch/web/en/climate/climate_international/gcos/inventory/wgms.Par.0008.DownloadFile.tmp/gcosreportwgmse.pdf |access-date=21 June 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325100331/http://www.meteoswiss.admin.ch/web/en/climate/climate_international/gcos/inventory/wgms.Par.0008.DownloadFile.tmp/gcosreportwgmse.pdf |archive-date=25 March 2009 }}</ref> Their size is determined by a [[mass balance]] between snow input and melt output. As temperatures increase, glaciers retreat unless snow precipitation increases to make up for the additional melt. Glaciers grow and shrink due both to natural variability and external forcings. Variability in temperature, precipitation and hydrology can strongly determine the evolution of a glacier in a particular season.

The most significant climate processes since the middle to late [[Pliocene]] (approximately 3 million years ago) are the glacial and [[interglacial]] cycles. The present interglacial period (the [[Holocene]]) has lasted about 11,700 years.<ref name="ICS-2008">{{cite web|url=http://www.stratigraphy.org/column.php?id=Chart/Time%20Scale|title=International Stratigraphic Chart|year=2008|publisher=International Commission on Stratigraphy|access-date=3 October 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015042711/http://www.stratigraphy.org/column.php?id=Chart%2FTime%20Scale|archive-date=15 October 2011}}</ref> Shaped by [[Milankovitch cycles|orbital variations]], responses such as the rise and fall of [[Continental climate|continental]] ice sheets and significant sea-level changes helped create the climate. Other changes, including [[Heinrich event]]s, [[Dansgaard–Oeschger event]]s and the [[Younger Dryas]], however, illustrate how glacial variations may also influence climate without the [[orbital forcing]].