Editing Chad (section)

== Culture ==
Because of its great variety of peoples and languages, Chad possesses a rich cultural heritage. The Chadian government has actively promoted Chadian culture and national traditions by opening the [[Chad National Museum]] and the [[Chad Cultural Centre]].<ref name="EB"/> Six [[public holidays in Chad|national holidays]] are observed throughout the year, and movable holidays include the Christian holiday of [[Easter Monday]] and the Muslim holidays of [[Eid ul-Fitr]], [[Eid ul-Adha]], and [[Mawlid|Eid Milad Nnabi]].<ref name="CCG"/>
[[File:Tailor in Chad.jpg|thumb|A Chadian tailor sells traditional dresses.]]

=== Cuisine ===
{{main|Cuisine of Chad}}
[[Millet]] is the staple food of [[Chadian cuisine]]. It is used to make balls of paste that are dipped in sauces. In the north this dish is known as ''alysh''; in the south, as ''biya''. Fish is popular, which is generally prepared and sold either as ''salanga'' (sun-dried and lightly smoked ''[[Alestes]]'' and ''[[Hydrocynus]]'') or as ''banda'' (smoked large fish).<ref>"[http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/D7238E/D7238E03.htm Symposium on the evaluation of fishery resources in the development and management of inland fisheries] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071222072025/http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/D7238E/D7238E03.htm |date=22 December 2007 }}". CIFA Technical Paper No. 2. [[FAO]]. 29 November – 1 December 1972.</ref> ''Carcaje'' is a popular sweet red tea extracted from hibiscus leaves. Alcoholic beverages, though absent in the north, are popular in the south, where people drink [[millet beer]], known as ''billi-billi'' when brewed from red millet, and as ''coshate'' when from [[Proso millet|white millet]].<ref name="culture"/>

=== Music ===
{{main|Music of Chad}}
The [[music of Chad]] includes a number of instruments such as the ''kinde'', a type of bow harp; the ''[[kakaki]]'', a long tin horn; and the ''hu hu'', a stringed instrument that uses [[calabash]]es as loudspeakers. Other instruments and their combinations are more linked to specific ethnic groups: the Sara prefer whistles, [[balafon]]s, harps and ''kodjo'' drums; and the [[Kanembu people|Kanembu]] combine the sounds of drums with those of flute-like instruments.<ref name="culture">{{cite web|url=http://www.cp-pc.ca/english/chad/chad_eng.pdf |title=Chad: A Cultural Profile |access-date=19 June 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061001212259/http://www.cp-pc.ca/english/chad/chad_eng.pdf |archive-date=1 October 2006 }} (PDF). Cultural Profiles Project. [[Citizenship and Immigration Canada]]. {{ISBN|0-7727-9102-3}}</ref>

The music group [[Chari Jazz]] formed in 1964 and initiated Chad's modern music scene. Later, more renowned groups such as African Melody and International Challal attempted to mix modernity and tradition. Popular groups such as Tibesti have clung faster to their heritage by drawing on ''sai'', a traditional style of music from southern Chad. The people of Chad have customarily disdained modern music. However, in 1995 greater interest has developed and fostered the distribution of CDs and audio cassettes featuring Chadian artists. Piracy and a lack of legal protections for artists' rights remain problems to further development of the Chadian music industry.<ref name="culture"/><ref>* {{in lang|fr}} Gondjé, Laoro (2003); "[http://www.cefod.org/archives/spip.php?article231 {{lang|fr|La musique recherche son identité}}] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140422134754/http://www.cefod.org/archives/spip.php?article231 |date=22 April 2014 }}", {{lang|fr|Tchad et Culture}} '''214'''.</ref>

===Literature===
[[File:Criquets grillés ou fris.jpg|thumb|Fried or grilled grasshoppers]]
As in other Sahelian countries, [[Chadian literature|literature in Chad]] has seen an economic, political and spiritual drought that has affected its best known writers. Chadian authors have been forced to write from exile or expatriate status and have generated literature dominated by themes of political oppression and historical discourse. Since 1962, 20 Chadian authors have written some 60 works of fiction. Among the most internationally renowned writers are [[Joseph Brahim Seïd]], [[Baba Moustapha]], [[Antoine Bangui]] and [[Koulsy Lamko]]. In 2003 Chad's sole literary critic, [[Ahmat Taboye]], published his {{lang|fr|Anthologie de la littérature tchadienne}} to further knowledge of Chad's literature.<ref name="culture"/><ref>{{in lang|fr}} Malo, Nestor H. (2003); "[http://www.cefod.org/archives/spip.php?article236 Littérature tchadienne : Jeune mais riche] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130928053407/http://www.cefod.org/archives/spip.php?article236|date=28 September 2013}}", ''Tchad et Culture'' '''214'''.</ref><ref>Boyd-Buggs, Debra & Joyce Hope Scott (1999); ''Camel Tracks: Critical Perspectives on Sahelian Literatures''. Lawrenceville: Africa World Press. {{ISBN|0-86543-757-2}}, pp. 12, 132, 135</ref>

=== Media and cinema ===
{{Main|Media of Chad|Cinema of Chad}}
Chad's television audience is limited to N'Djamena. The only television station is the state-owned Télé Tchad. Radio has a far greater reach, with 13 private radio stations.<ref>[http://ndjamena.usembassy.gov/radio_stations.html Radio Stations | Embassy of the United States Ndjamena, Chad] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070717074012/http://ndjamena.usembassy.gov/radio_stations.html |date=17 July 2007 }}. Ndjamena.usembassy.gov (25 February 2013). Retrieved on 28 September 2013.</ref> Newspapers are limited in quantity and distribution, and circulation figures are small due to transportation costs, low literacy rates, and poverty.<ref name="FH"/><ref name="EIA"/><ref>[http://ndjamena.usembassy.gov/newspapers.html Newspapers | Embassy of the United States Ndjamena, Chad] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130917133353/http://ndjamena.usembassy.gov/newspapers.html |date=17 September 2013 }}. Ndjamena.usembassy.gov (25 February 2013). Retrieved on 28 September 2013.</ref> While the constitution defends liberty of expression, the government has regularly restricted this right, and at the end of 2006 began to enact a system of prior [[censorship]] on the media.<ref>"Chad – 2006". Freedom Press Institute.</ref>

The development of a [[Cinema of Chad|Chadian film]] industry, which began with the short films of [[Edouard Sailly]] in the 1960s, was hampered by the devastations of civil wars and from the lack of [[movie theater|cinemas]], of which there is currently only one in the whole country.<ref>{{citation|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/619502|title=Dawn – ''Chad's only cinema dusts off its silver screen''|date=9 April 2011|access-date=8 October 2019|archive-date=7 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201007055748/https://www.dawn.com/news/619502/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{citation | url= https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/the-man-who-broughtcinema-to-war-hit-chad/article21352524.ece | title= The Hindu ''The man who brought cinema to war-hit Chad'' | newspaper= The Hindu | date= 9 December 2017 | access-date= 8 October 2019 | last1= Praveen | first1= S. r. | archive-date= 7 October 2020 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201007055752/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/the-man-who-broughtcinema-to-war-hit-chad/article21352524.ece/ | url-status= live }}</ref> The Chadian [[feature film]] industry began growing again in the 1990s, with the work of directors [[Mahamat-Saleh Haroun]], [[Issa Serge Coelo]] and [[Abakar Chene Massar]].<ref>{{citation|url=https://www.closeupfilmcentre.com/vertigo_magazine/volume-3-issue-5-spring-2007/fatherlands-on-mahamat-saleh-haroun|author=White, Jerry|title=Vertigo – ''Fatherlands: On Mahamat-Saleh Haroun, Africa and an Evolving Political Cinema''|access-date=8 October 2019|archive-date=7 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201007055731/https://www.closeupfilmcentre.com/vertigo_magazine/volume-3-issue-5-spring-2007/fatherlands-on-mahamat-saleh-haroun/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Haroun's film ''[[Abouna (film)|Abouna]]'' was critically acclaimed, and his ''[[Daratt]]'' won the Grand Special Jury Prize at the [[63rd Venice International Film Festival]]. The 2010 feature film ''[[A Screaming Man]]'' won the [[Jury Prize (Cannes Film Festival)|Jury Prize]] at the [[2010 Cannes Film Festival]], making Haroun the first Chadian director to enter, as well as win, an award in the main Cannes competition.<ref>{{cite web|last=Chang|first=Justin|date=23 May 2010|url=https://variety.com/2010/film/awards/uncle-boonmee-wins-palme-d-or-1118019731/|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121203034252/http://www.variety.com/article/VR1118019731.html?categoryid=13&cs=1|url-status=live|archive-date=3 December 2012|title='Uncle Boonmee' wins Palme d'Or|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|access-date=23 May 2010}}</ref> [[Issa Serge Coelo]] directed the films ''[[Daresalam]]'' and ''[[DP75: Tartina City]]''.<ref>{{in lang|fr}} Bambé, Naygotimti (April 2007); "[http://www.cefod.org/spip.php?article915 Issa Serge Coelo, cinéaste tchadien: ''On a encore du travail à faire''] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530063045/http://www.cefod.org/spip.php?article915 |date=30 May 2013}}", ''Tchad et Culture'' '''256'''.</ref><ref>Young, Neil (23 March 2004) [http://www.jigsawlounge.co.uk/film/harouninterview.html An interview with Mahamet-Saleh Haroun, writer and director of Abouna ("Our Father")] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070304045323/http://www.jigsawlounge.co.uk/film/harouninterview.html |date=4 March 2007 }}. jigsawlounge.co.uk</ref><ref>"[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/5328462.stm Mirren crowned 'queen' at Venice] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080408010734/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/5328462.stm |date=8 April 2008 }}", BBC News, 9 September 2006.</ref><ref>{{in lang|fr}} Alphonse, Dokalyo (2003) "[http://www.cefod.org/archives/spip.php?article235 Cinéma: un avenir plein d'espoir]" {{webarchive |url=https://archive.today/20130928053358/http://www.cefod.org/archives/spip.php?article235 |date=28 September 2013}}, ''Tchad et Culture'' '''214'''.</ref>

=== Sports ===
{{main|Sports in Chad}}
[[Association football|Football]] is Chad's most popular [[Sport in Chad|sport]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Staff |title=Chad |url=https://www.fifa.com/associations/association=cha/goalprogramme/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070629234229/http://www.fifa.com/associations/association=cha/goalprogramme/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 June 2007 |publisher=FIFA, Goal Programme |date=2 July 2007 |access-date=10 August 2006}}</ref> The country's [[Chad national football team|national team]] is closely followed during international competitions<ref name="culture"/> and Chadian footballers have played for French teams. [[Basketball]] and [[freestyle wrestling]] are widely practiced, the latter in a form in which the wrestlers put on traditional animal hides and cover themselves with dust.<ref name="culture"/>