Editing Cell nucleus (section)

===Multinucleated cells===
{{Main|Multinucleate}}
[[Multinucleated]] cells contain multiple nuclei. Most [[acantharea]]n species of [[protozoa]]<ref name="Zettler">{{cite journal | vauthors = Zettler LA, Sogin ML, Caron DA | title = Phylogenetic relationships between the Acantharea and the Polycystinea: a molecular perspective on Haeckel's Radiolaria | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 94 | issue = 21 | pages = 11411–6 | date = October 1997 | pmid = 9326623 | pmc = 23483 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.94.21.11411 | department = Primary | bibcode = 1997PNAS...9411411A | doi-access = free }}</ref> and some [[fungi]] in [[mycorrhizae]]<ref name="Horton">{{cite journal | vauthors = Horton TR | title = The number of nuclei in basidiospores of 63 species of ectomycorrhizal Homobasidiomycetes | journal = Mycologia | volume = 98 | issue = 2 | pages = 233–8 | year = 2006 | pmid = 16894968 | doi = 10.3852/mycologia.98.2.233 | department = Primary }}</ref> have naturally multinucleated cells. Other examples include the [[intestinal parasite]]s in the genus ''[[Giardia]]'', which have two nuclei per cell.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Adam RD | title = The biology of Giardia spp | journal = Microbiological Reviews | volume = 55 | issue = 4 | pages = 706–32 | date = December 1991 | pmid = 1779932 | pmc = 372844 | doi = 10.1128/MMBR.55.4.706-732.1991 | department = Review }}</ref> [[Ciliate]]s have two kinds of nuclei in a single cell, a somatic [[macronucleus]] and a germline [[micronucleus]].<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Vogt A, Goldman AD, Mochizuki K, Landweber LF |title=Transposon Domestication versus Mutualism in Ciliate Genome Rearrangements |journal=PLOS Genetics |date=1 August 2013 |volume=9 |issue=8 |pages=e1003659 |doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.1003659 |pmid=23935529 |pmc=3731211 |doi-access=free }}</ref> In humans, [[Skeletal muscle#Skeletal muscle cells|skeletal muscle cells]], also called [[myocyte]]s and [[syncytium]], become multinucleated during development; the resulting arrangement of nuclei near the periphery of the cells allows maximal intracellular space for [[myofibrils]].<ref name="Lodish" /> Other multinucleate cells in the human are [[osteoclast]]s a type of [[bone cell]]. Multinucleated and [[binucleated cells]] can also be abnormal in humans; for example, cells arising from the fusion of [[monocyte]]s and [[macrophage]]s, known as [[giant multinucleated cell]]s, sometimes accompany inflammation<ref name="McInnes">{{cite journal | vauthors = McInnes A, Rennick DM | title = Interleukin 4 induces cultured monocytes/macrophages to form giant multinucleated cells | journal = The Journal of Experimental Medicine | volume = 167 | issue = 2 | pages = 598–611 | date = February 1988 | pmid = 3258008 | pmc = 2188835 | doi = 10.1084/jem.167.2.598 | department = Primary }}</ref> and are also implicated in tumor formation.<ref name="Goldring">{{cite journal | vauthors = Goldring SR, Roelke MS, Petrison KK, Bhan AK | title = Human giant cell tumors of bone identification and characterization of cell types | journal = The Journal of Clinical Investigation | volume = 79 | issue = 2 | pages = 483–91 | date = February 1987 | pmid = 3027126 | pmc = 424109 | doi = 10.1172/JCI112838 | department = Primary }}</ref>

A number of [[dinoflagellate]]s are known to have two nuclei. Unlike other multinucleated cells these nuclei contain two distinct lineages of DNA: one from the dinoflagellate and the other from a symbiotic [[diatom]].<ref name=Imanian2012>{{cite journal | vauthors = Imanian B, Pombert JF, Dorrell RG, Burki F, Keeling PJ | title = Tertiary endosymbiosis in two dinotoms has generated little change in the mitochondrial genomes of their dinoflagellate hosts and diatom endosymbionts | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 7 | issue = 8 | pages = e43763 | year = 2012 | pmid = 22916303 | pmc = 3423374 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0043763 | bibcode = 2012PLoSO...743763I | department = Primary | doi-access = free }}</ref>