Editing Causes of mental disorders (section)

===Poverty===
{{See|Socioeconomic status and mental health|Social determinants of mental health}}
[[File:National Geographic, v31, Czech poor peasant children.jpg|thumb|Poor Czech poor children in 1917.]]
Studies show that there is a [[Correlation|direct correlation]] between [[poverty]] and mental illness: the lower the socioeconomic status of an individual, the higher the risk of mental illness. Impoverished people in England, defined as those who live in the lowest 20% income bracket, are two to three times more likely to develop mental illness than those of a higher [[Social class|economic class]].<ref>Marmot MG. ''Fair Society  Healthy Lives : The Marmot Review ; Strategic Review of Health Inequalities in England Post-2010''. London: Marmot Review; 2010.</ref> This increased risk remains consistent for all poor individuals regardless of any in-group demographic differences, as all disadvantaged families experience economic stressors such as unemployment or lack of housing. A lower or more insecure educational, occupational, economic, or social position is generally linked to more mental disorders.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Perry |first=Melissa J. |date=1996-09-01 |title=The relationship between social class and mental disorder |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02262736 |journal=Journal of Primary Prevention |language=en |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=17–30 |doi=10.1007/BF02262736 |pmid=24254919 |s2cid=144679736 |issn=1573-6547}}</ref> Children from these backgrounds may have low levels of self-efficiency and self-worth.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Doi |first1=Satomi |last2=Fujiwara |first2=Takeo |last3=Isumi |first3=Aya |last4=Ochi |first4=Manami |date=2019 |title=Pathway of the Association Between Child Poverty and Low Self-Esteem: Results From a Population-Based Study of Adolescents in Japan |journal=Frontiers in Psychology |volume=10 |page=937 |doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00937 |issn=1664-1078 |pmc=6511812 |pmid=31133920 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Studies have also shown a strong relationship between poverty and [[substance abuse]], another risk factor in the onset of mental disorders.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Manhica |first1=Hélio |last2=Straatmann |first2=Viviane S. |last3=Lundin |first3=Andreas |last4=Agardh |first4=Emilie |last5=Danielsson |first5=Anna-Karin |date=July 2021 |title=Association between poverty exposure during childhood and adolescence, and drug use disorders and drug-related crimes later in life |journal=Addiction |language=en |volume=116 |issue=7 |pages=1747–1756 |doi=10.1111/add.15336 |issn=0965-2140 |pmc=8247994 |pmid=33197093}}</ref>

Problems in one's community or culture including poverty, unemployment or [[underemployment]], a lack of [[Group cohesiveness|social cohesion]], and migration have been associated with the development of mental disorders.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Breedvelt |first1=Josefien J. F. |last2=Tiemeier |first2=Henning |last3=Sharples |first3=Evelyn |last4=Galea |first4=Sandro |last5=Niedzwiedz |first5=Claire |last6=Elliott |first6=Iris |last7=Bockting |first7=Claudi L. |date=July 2022 |title=The effects of neighbourhood social cohesion on preventing depression and anxiety among adolescents and young adults: rapid review |journal=BJPsych Open |language=en |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=e97 |doi=10.1192/bjo.2022.57 |issn=2056-4724 |pmc=9230698 |pmid=35642359}}</ref> Personal resources, community factors, and interactions between individual and regional-level income levels have been implicated.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sareen |first1=Jitender |last2=Afifi |first2=Tracie O. |last3=McMillan |first3=Katherine A. |last4=Asmundson |first4=Gordon J. G. |date=2011-04-01 |title=Relationship Between Household Income and Mental Disorders: Findings From a Population-Based Longitudinal Study |url=http://archpsyc.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?doi=10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.15 |journal=Archives of General Psychiatry |language=en |volume=68 |issue=4 |pages=419–427 |doi=10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.15 |pmid=21464366 |s2cid=39076836 |issn=0003-990X}}</ref> Socioeconomic deprivation in neighborhoods can cause worsen mental health, even after accounting for genetic factors.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Raphael |first1=Eva |last2=White |first2=Justin S. |last3=Li |first3=Xinjun |last4=Cederin |first4=Klas |last5=Glymour |first5=M. Maria |last6=Sundquist |first6=Kristina |last7=Sundquist |first7=Jan |last8=Hamad |first8=Rita |date=May 2020 |title=Neighborhood Deprivation and Mental Health Among Immigrants to Sweden |journal=Epidemiology |language=en |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=e25–e27 |doi=10.1097/EDE.0000000000001160 |issn=1044-3983 |pmc=7138696 |pmid=31977591}}</ref> According to a 2009 meta-analysis by Paul and Moser, countries with high income inequality and poor unemployment protections have worse mental health outcomes among the unemployed.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The toll of job loss |url=https://www.apa.org/monitor/2020/10/toll-job-loss |access-date=2023-11-26 |website=www.apa.org}}</ref>

The effects of different socioeconomic factors varies by country.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Currie |first1=Janet |last2=Stabile |first2=Mark |date=2003-11-01 |title=Socioeconomic Status and Child Health: Why Is the Relationship Stronger for Older Children? |url=https://pubs.aeaweb.org/doi/10.1257/000282803322655563 |journal=American Economic Review |language=en |volume=93 |issue=5 |pages=1813–1823 |doi=10.1257/000282803322655563 |pmid=29058847 |issn=0002-8282}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Cameron |first1=Lisa |last2=Williams |first2=Jenny |date=2009-05-01 |title=Is the relationship between socioeconomic status and health stronger for older children in developing countries? |url=https://read.dukeupress.edu/demography/article/46/2/303/169929/Is-the-relationship-between-socioeconomic-status |journal=Demography |language=en |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=303–324 |doi=10.1353/dem.0.0054 |issn=0070-3370 |pmc=2831276 |pmid=21305395}}</ref> Minority [[ethnic]] groups, including first or second-generation [[immigrants]], are at a greater risk of developing mental disorders. This has been attributed to the insecurities in their lives and their disadvantages, including [[racism]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kirmayer |first1=L. J. |last2=Narasiah |first2=L. |last3=Munoz |first3=M. |last4=Rashid |first4=M. |last5=Ryder |first5=A. G. |last6=Guzder |first6=J. |last7=Hassan |first7=G. |last8=Rousseau |first8=C. |last9=Pottie |first9=K. |last10=for the Canadian Collaboration for Immigrant and Refugee Health (CCIRH) |date=2011-09-06 |title=Common mental health problems in immigrants and refugees: general approach in primary care |journal=Canadian Medical Association Journal |language=en |volume=183 |issue=12 |pages=E959–E967 |doi=10.1503/cmaj.090292 |issn=0820-3946 |pmc=3168672 |pmid=20603342}}</ref> There have been alternate models, such as the [[drift hypothesis]] to account for the complex relationship between an individual's social status and mental health.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fox |first=John W. |date=December 1990 |title=Social Class, Mental Illness, and Social Mobility: The Social Selection-Drift Hypothesis for Serious Mental Illness |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2136818 |journal=Journal of Health and Social Behavior |volume=31 |issue=4 |pages=344–353 |doi=10.2307/2136818 |jstor=2136818 |pmid=2135936 |issn=0022-1465}}</ref>