Editing Canada–United States relations (section)

== Relations between political executives ==
The executive of each country is represented differently. The [[President of the United States]] serves as both the head of state and head of government, and his "administration" is the executive, while the [[Prime Minister of Canada]] is head of government only, and his or her "government" or "ministry" directs the executive.
<!-- leaders should go in the alphabetic order of their surnames in the titles, for neutrality's sake -->

=== W. L. Mackenzie King and Franklin D. Roosevelt (October 1935 – April 1945) ===
[[File:Quebec conference 1943.png|thumb|[[William Lyon Mackenzie King|Mackenzie King]], [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]], and [[Winston Churchill]] at the [[First Quebec Conference]] in 1943.]]
In 1940, [[W. L. Mackenzie King|W.{{nbsp}}L. Mackenzie King]] and [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] signed a defense pact, known as the [[Ogdensburg Agreement]].  King hosted conferences for Churchill and Roosevelt, but did not participate in the talks.

=== Louis St. Laurent and Harry S. Truman (November 1948 – January 1953) ===
Prime Minister Laurent and President Truman were both anti-communist during the early years of the [[Cold War]].

=== John G. Diefenbaker and Dwight Eisenhower (June 1957 – January 1961) ===
President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] (1951–1961) took pains to foster good relations with Progressive Conservative [[John Diefenbaker]] (1957–1963). That led to the approval of plans to join in [[NORAD]], an integrated air defense system, in mid-1957. Relations with President John Kennedy were much less cordial.  Diefenbaker opposed [[apartheid]] in the [[Union of South Africa|South Africa]] and helped force it out of the [[Commonwealth of Nations]]. His [[Bomarc Missile Crisis|indecision on whether to accept Bomarc nuclear missiles]] from the United States led to his government's downfall.<ref>Soloman Gabriel, ''Foreign Policy of Canada: A Study in Diefenbaker's Years'' (1987).</ref>

=== John G. Diefenbaker and John F. Kennedy (January 1961 – April 1963) ===
Diefenbaker and President [[John F. Kennedy]] did not get along well personally. This was evident in Diefenbaker's response to the Cuban Missile Crisis, where he was slow to support the United States. However, Diefenbaker's Minister of Defence went behind Diefenbaker's back and sent Canada's military to high alert given Canada's legal treaty obligations, to try and appease Kennedy.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Potter |first1=Mitch |title=JFK's war with Diefenbaker |url=https://www.thestar.com/news/world/2013/11/18/jfks_war_with_diefenbaker.html |newspaper=The Toronto Star |date=November 18, 2013 |access-date=June 12, 2018}}</ref>

=== Lester B. Pearson and Lyndon B. Johnson (November 1963 – April 1968) ===
In 1965, Prime Minister [[Lester B. Pearson]] gave a speech in Philadelphia criticizing American involvement in the [[Vietnam War]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Preston |first1=Andrew |title=Balancing War and Peace: Canadian Foreign Policy and the Vietnam War, 1961–1965 |journal=Diplomatic History |volume=27 |pages=73–111 |doi=10.1111/1467-7709.00340 |year=2003 }}</ref> This infuriated President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]], who gave him a harsh talk, saying "You don't come here and piss on my rug".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Brean |first1=Joseph |title='I've been called worse things by better people: A history of Canadian PMs' not-so-diplomatic one-liners |url=https://nationalpost.com/news/politics/ive-been-called-worse-things-by-better-people-a-history-of-canadian-pms-not-so-diplomatic-one-liners |website=National Post |publisher=National Post |access-date=June 13, 2018|date=November 17, 2014 }}</ref>

=== Progressive Conservative government (1984–1993) ===
==== Brian Mulroney and Ronald Reagan (September 1984 – January 1989) ====
[[File:President Ronald Reagan and Brian Mulroney in Venice, Italy.jpg|thumb|right|Ronald Reagan (left) and Brian Mulroney in Venice, Italy, June 11, 1987]]
Relations between [[Brian Mulroney]] and [[Ronald Reagan]] were famously close.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The president will see you now: my stories and lessons from Ronald Reagan's final years|last=Grande|first=Peggy|year=2017|isbn=9780316396455|edition= First|location=New York|chapter=8: Rawhide's Ranch|oclc=951764632}}</ref> This relationship resulted in negotiations for the [[Canada–United States Free Trade Agreement]], and the [[U.S.–Canada Air Quality Agreement]] to reduce acid-rain-causing emissions.

==== Brian Mulroney and George H. W. Bush (January 1989 – January 1993) ====
Both major policy goals of Mulroney would be finalized under the presidency of [[George H. W. Bush]]. Mulroney delivered eulogies at the funerals of both [[Ronald Reagan]] in [[Death and state funeral of Ronald Reagan|2004]] and [[George H. W. Bush]] in [[Death and state funeral of George H. W. Bush|2018]].

=== Liberal government (1993–2006) ===

==== Jean Chrétien and Bill Clinton (November 1993 – January 2001) ====
[[File:APEC Summit 1993 - Jean Chrétien and Bill Clinton shaking hands.jpg|thumb|Jean Chrétien shakes hands with Bill Clinton during the [[Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation|APEC]] summit meeting in November 1993]]
Although [[Jean Chrétien]] was wary of appearing too close to President [[Bill Clinton]],{{citation needed|date=May 2018}} both men had a passion for golf. During a news conference with Prime Minister Chrétien in April 1997, President Clinton quipped "I don't know if any two world leaders have played golf together more than we have, but we meant to break a record".<ref name="The President's News Conference With Prime Minister Jean Chretien of Canada">
{{cite web
 |url=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=53964
 |title=The President's News Conference With Prime Minister Jean Chretien of Canada
 |date=April 8, 1997
 |publisher=The American Presidency Project
 |access-date=May 16, 2018
}}</ref> Their governments had many small trade quarrels over the Canadian content of American magazines, softwood lumber, and so on, but on the whole were quite friendly. Both leaders had run on reforming or abolishing [[NAFTA]], but the agreement went ahead with the addition of environmental and labor side agreements. Crucially, the Clinton administration lent rhetorical support to Canadian unity during the [[1995 Quebec referendum|1995 referendum in Quebec]] on separation from Canada.<ref>{{cite web|title=Clinton, in Talk to Canadians, Opposes Quebec Separation|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/02/24/world/clinton-in-talk-to-canadians-opposes-quebec-separation.html|last=Jehl|first=Douglas|work=The New York Times|date=February 24, 1995}}</ref>

==== Jean Chrétien and George W. Bush (January 2001 – December 2003) ====
[[File:Chrétien and Bush shaking hands Sept 9 2002.jpg|thumb|Jean Chrétien shakes hands with George W. Bush during a meeting in September 2002]]
Relations between Chrétien and [[George W. Bush]] were strained throughout their overlapping times in office. Canada offered its full assistance to the U.S. as the [[September 11 attacks]] were unfolding. One tangible show of support was [[Operation Yellow Ribbon]], in which more than 200 U.S.-bound flights were diverted to Canada after the U.S. shut down their airspace. Later, however, Chrétien publicly mused that U.S. foreign policy might be part of the "root causes" of terrorism. Some Americans criticized his "smug moralism", and Chrétien's public refusal to support the 2003 Iraq war was met with negative responses in the United States, especially among conservatives.<ref>{{cite book|first=Daniel|last=Drache|title=Big Picture Realities: Canada and Mexico at the Crossroads|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hKfvb5zf8oUC&pg=PA115|year=2008|publisher=Wilfrid Laurier U.P.|page=115|access-date=November 6, 2015|isbn=9781554582334}}</ref>

=== Conservative government (2006–2015) ===

==== Stephen Harper and George W. Bush (February 2006 – January 2009) ====
[[File:Stephen Harper and George W. Bush July 6 2006.jpg|thumb|Stephen Harper holds a joint press conference with George W. Bush during a meeting in Washington, D.C., July 2006]]
[[Stephen Harper]] and George W. Bush were thought to share warm personal relations and also close ties between their administrations. Because Bush was unpopular among liberals in Canada (particularly in the media), this was underplayed by the Harper government.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/prime-ministers-and-presidents-1.848083 | work=CBC News | title=Prime ministers and presidents | date=February 18, 2009}}</ref>

Shortly after being congratulated by Bush for his victory in February 2006, Harper rebuked the U.S. ambassador to Canada [[David H. Wilkins|David Wilkins]] for criticizing the [[Conservative Party of Canada|Conservatives']] plans to assert Canada's sovereignty over the [[Arctic Ocean]] waters with military force.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/guest-column-time-canada-to-negotiate-the-northwest-passage-1.1047758|title=Guest column: Time, Canada, to negotiate the Northwest Passage|work=CBC News|access-date=July 18, 2017|language=en}}</ref>

==== Stephen Harper and Barack Obama (January 2009 – November 2015) ====
[[File:Barack Obama meets Stephen Harper.jpg|thumb|Barack Obama meeting with Stephen Harper in Ottawa, February 2009]]
President [[Barack Obama]]'s first international trip was to Canada on February 19, 2009, thereby sending a strong message of peace and cooperation.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/obama-to-visit-canada-feb-19-pmo-confirms-1.364714 |title=Obama to visit Canada Feb. 19, PMO confirms – CTV News |publisher=Ctv.ca |date=January 28, 2009 |access-date=February 26, 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090606040521/http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20090128/canada_obama_090128/20090128?hub=Politics |archive-date=June 6, 2009  }}</ref> Except Canadian lobbying against "Buy American" provisions in the U.S. [[2009 stimulus bill|stimulus package]], relations between the two administrations were smooth.

They also held friendly bets on hockey games during the Winter Olympic season. In the [[2010 Winter Olympics]] hosted by Canada in [[Vancouver]], Canada defeated the U.S. in both gold medal matches, entitling Stephen Harper to receive a case of [[Molson Canadian]] beer from Barack Obama; in reverse, if Canada had lost, Harper would have provided a case of [[Yuengling]] beer to Obama.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/ottawa-notebook/obama-loses-boozy-bet-with-harper/article4188210/|title=Obama loses boozy bet with Harper|work=The Globe and Mail|access-date=April 27, 2016}}</ref> During the 2014 Winter Olympics, alongside [[United States Secretary of State|U.S. Secretary of State]] [[John Kerry]] & [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Canada)|Minister of Foreign Affairs]] [[John Baird (Canadian politician)|John Baird]], Stephen Harper was given a case of [[Samuel Adams (beer)|Samuel Adams beer]] by Obama for the Canadian gold medal victory over the U.S. in women's hockey, and the semi-final victory over the U.S. in men's hockey.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://slam.canoe.ca/Slam/2014/02/23/21489991.html|title=Barack Obama follows through on Olympic beer bet|work=canoe.ca|access-date=April 27, 2016|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140225215255/http://slam.canoe.ca/Slam/2014/02/23/21489991.html|archive-date=25 February 2014}}</ref>

==== Canada–United States Regulatory Cooperation Council (RCC) (2011) ====
On February 4, 2011, Harper and Obama issued a "Declaration on a Shared Vision for Perimeter Security and Economic Competitiveness"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2011/02/04/joint-statement-president-obama-and-prime-minister-harper-canada-regul-0 |title=Joint Statement by President Obama and Prime Minister Harper of Canada on Regulatory Cooperation |date=February 4, 2011 |via=[[NARA|National Archives]] |work=[[whitehouse.gov]] |access-date=February 26, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://pm.gc.ca/eng/media.asp?id=3931|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130910181827/http://www.pm.gc.ca/eng/media.asp?id=3931 |archive-date=September 10, 2013 |title=PM and U.S. President Obama announce shared vision for perimeter security and economic competitiveness between Canada and the United States |publisher=Office of the Prime Minister of Canada |date=February 4, 2011 |access-date=February 26, 2011}}</ref> and announced the creation of the [[Regulatory Cooperation Council|Canada–United States Regulatory Cooperation Council (RCC)]] "to increase regulatory transparency and coordination between the two countries."<ref name=OPM1>{{cite web |date=December 7, 2011 |location=Washington, D.C. |url=http://pm.gc.ca/eng/media.asp?id=4511 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130729152814/http://pm.gc.ca/eng/media.asp?id=4511 |archive-date=July 29, 2013 |publisher=Office of the Prime Minister of Canada |title=United States–Canada Regulatory Cooperation Council (RCC) Joint Action Plan: Developing and implementing the Joint Action Plan}}</ref>

[[Health Canada]] and the United States [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) under the RCC mandate, undertook the "first of its kind" initiative by selecting "as its first area of alignment common cold indications for certain over-the-counter antihistamine ingredients (GC January 10, 2013)".<ref name=GC20130110>{{cite web |publisher=Government of Canada |series=Canada's Action Plan |title=Notice: Regulatory Cooperation Council (RCC) Over-the-Counter (OTC) Products: Common Monograph Working Group: Selection of a Monograph for Alignment |url=http://actionplan.gc.ca/en/page/rcc-ccr/notice-regulatory-cooperation-council-rcc-over |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141108070216/http://actionplan.gc.ca/en/page/rcc-ccr/notice-regulatory-cooperation-council-rcc-over |archive-date=November 8, 2014 |date=January 10, 2013 |access-date=February 15, 2013 }}</ref>

On December 7, 2011, Harper flew to Washington, met with Obama, and signed an agreement to implement the joint action plans that had been developed since the initial meeting in February. The plans called on both countries to spend more on border infrastructure, share more information on people who cross the border, and acknowledge more of each other's safety and security inspection on third-country traffic. An editorial in ''The Globe and Mail'' praised the agreement for giving Canada the ability to track whether failed refugee claimants have left Canada via the U.S. and for eliminating "duplicated baggage screenings on connecting flights".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/opinions/editorials/canada-us-border-agreement-a-good-thing/article2263711/ |location=Toronto |work=The Globe and Mail |title=Canada–U.S. border agreement a good thing |date=September 6, 2012}}</ref> The agreement is not a legally binding treaty and relies on the political will and ability of the executives of both governments to implement the terms of the agreement. These types of executive agreements are routine—on both sides of the Canada–U.S. border.

=== Liberal government (2015–present) ===

==== Justin Trudeau and Barack Obama (November 2015 – January 2017) ====
[[File:State Visit of Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau 18.jpg|thumb|right|President [[Barack Obama]] and Prime Minister [[Justin Trudeau]], March 2016]]
President Barack Obama and Prime Minister [[Justin Trudeau]] first met formally at the [[APEC Philippines 2015|APEC summit meeting]] in [[Manila]], [[Philippines]] in November 2015, nearly a week after the latter was sworn into the office. Both leaders expressed eagerness for increased cooperation and coordination between the two countries during Trudeau's government with Trudeau promising an "enhanced Canada–U.S. partnership".<ref>{{cite news|last1=Jordan|first1=Roger|title=Trudeau promises Obama an enhanced Canada–US partnership|url=https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2015/11/20/cana-n20.html|access-date=January 2, 2016|work=[[World Socialist Web Site]]|publisher=[[International Committee of the Fourth International]]|date=November 20, 2015}}</ref>

On November 6, 2015, Obama announced the [[United States Department of State|U.S. State Department]]'s rejection of the proposed [[Keystone Pipeline#Phase 4 (canceled)|Keystone XL pipeline]], the fourth phase of the [[Keystone Pipeline|Keystone]] [[oil pipeline]] system running between Canada and the United States, to which Trudeau expressed disappointment but said that the rejection would not damage Canada–U.S. relations and would instead provide a "fresh start" to strengthening ties through cooperation and coordination, saying that "Canada–U.S. relationship is much bigger than any one project."<ref>{{cite news|last1=Harris|first1=Kathleen|title=Justin Trudeau 'disappointed' with U.S. rejection of Keystone XL|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/canada-keystone-pipeline-trudeau-obama-1.3307458|access-date=January 2, 2016|work=[[CBC News]]|publisher=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]|date=November 6, 2015}}</ref> Obama has since praised Trudeau's efforts to prioritize the reduction of climate change, calling it "extraordinarily helpful" to establish a [[Paris Agreement|worldwide consensus]] on addressing the issue.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Hall|first1=Chris|title=Trudeau warmly embraced by Obama, but don't expect concessions from U.S.|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/justin-trudeau-barack-obama-apec-chris-hall-1.3326179|access-date=January 2, 2016|work=[[CBC News]]|publisher=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]|date=November 20, 2015}}</ref>

Although Trudeau has told Obama his plans to withdraw Canada's [[McDonnell Douglas CF-18 Hornet]] jets [[Operation Impact|assisting]] in the [[International military intervention against the Islamic State#US-led coalitions|American-led intervention]] against [[Islamic State|ISIL]], Trudeau said that Canada will still "do more than its part" in combating the terrorist group by increasing the number of [[Canadian Special Operations Forces Command|Canadian special forces]] members training and fighting on the ground in [[Iraq]] and [[Syria]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Cullen|first1=Catherine|title=Justin Trudeau says Canada to increase the number of training troops in Iraq|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/trudeau-iraq-trainers-military-1.3322288|access-date=January 2, 2016|work=[[CBC News]]|publisher=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]|date=November 17, 2015}}</ref>

Trudeau visited the [[White House]] for an official visit and state dinner on March 10, 2016.<ref>{{cite news|title=Barack Obama and Justin Trudeau set a date for the first meeting in Washington|url=https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2015/12/28/barack-obama-and-justin-trudeau-set-a-date-for-first-meeting-in-washington.html|access-date=January 2, 2016|work=[[Toronto Star]]|agency=[[The Canadian Press]]|date=December 28, 2015}}</ref> Trudeau and Obama were reported to have shared warm personal relations during the visit, making humorous remarks about which country was better at hockey and which country had better beer.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com/news/world/2016/03/10/justin-trudeau-meeting-barack-obama-in-washington.html|title=Obama welcomes Trudeau to White House, 'About time, eh?'|date=March 10, 2016|work=thestar.com|access-date=April 27, 2016}}</ref> Obama complimented Trudeau's [[2015 Canadian federal election|2015 election campaign]] for its "message of hope and change" and "positive and optimistic vision". Obama and Trudeau also held "productive" discussions on climate change and relations between the two countries, and Trudeau invited Obama to speak in the Canadian parliament in Ottawa later in the year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/obama-on-growing-friendship-with-trudeau----what-s-not-to-like--/42014494|title=Obama on growing friendship with Trudeau – 'What's not to like?'|work=SWI swissinfo.ch|access-date=April 27, 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160318171615/http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/obama-on-growing-friendship-with-trudeau----what-s-not-to-like--/42014494|archive-date=March 18, 2016}}</ref>

==== Justin Trudeau and Donald Trump (January 2017 – January 2021) ====
[[File:Trudeau visit White House for USMCA.jpg|thumb|right|President [[Donald Trump]] and Prime Minister [[Justin Trudeau]], June 2019]]
Following the victory of [[Donald Trump]] in the [[2016 United States presidential election|2016 U.S. presidential election]], Trudeau congratulated him and invited him to visit Canada at the "earliest opportunity".<ref>{{cite news|last1=Harris|first1=Kathleen|title=Justin Trudeau invites Donald Trump to visit Canada during the call that marks 'strong beginning'|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/trudeau-trump-visit-canada-1.3845013|access-date=November 11, 2016|work=[[CBC News]]|date=November 10, 2016}}</ref> Prime Minister Trudeau and President Trump formally met for the first time at the White House on February 13, 2017, nearly a month after Trump was sworn into the office. Trump has ruffled relations with Canada with tariffs on softwood lumber.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/trump-trudeau-softwood-lumber-response-1.4085315|title=It's Trudeau's move after Trump goes from tough talk to action with lumber duties: Chris Hall|work=CBC News|access-date=April 26, 2017|language=en}}</ref> [[Ultrafiltered milk|Diafiltered Milk]] was brought up by Trump as an area that needed negotiating.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://pm.gc.ca/eng/news/2017/04/25/prime-minister-justin-trudeau-speaks-united-states-president-donald-trump|title=Prime Minister Justin Trudeau speaks with United States President Donald Trump|date=April 25, 2017|work=Prime Minister of Canada|access-date=April 26, 2017|language=en}}</ref>

In 2018, Trump and Trudeau negotiated the United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement (USMCA), a free trade agreement concluded between Canada, [[Mexico]], and the United States that succeeded the [[North American Free Trade Agreement]] (NAFTA).<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/29/business/economy/trump-signs-usmca-new-nafta-into-law.html?action=click&module=Top%20Stories&pgtype=Homepage|title=Trump Signs Trade Deal With Canada and Mexico|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=January 29, 2020}}</ref> The agreement has been characterized as "NAFTA 2.0",<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2019/12/10/usmca-is-finally-done-deal-after-democrats-sign-off-heres-what-is-it/|title=The USMCA is finally done. Here's what is in it.|first=Heather|last=Long |newspaper=Washington Post}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.foxbusiness.com/economy/nafta-2-0-what-to-know|title=NAFTA 2.0: What to know|first=Brittany De|last=Lea|date=November 30, 2018|website=FOXBusiness}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/strikes-at-low-wage-plants-signal-revival-of-labor-demands-in-mexico-11550087620|title=Strikes at Low-Wage Plants Signal Revival of Labor Demands in Mexico|first=Juan|last=Montes|newspaper=Wall Street Journal |date=February 13, 2019|via=www.wsj.com}}</ref> or "New NAFTA",<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Swanson|first1=Ana|last2=Tankersley|first2=Jim|date=January 29, 2020|title=Trump Just Signed the U.S.M.C.A. Here's What's in the New NAFTA.|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/29/business/economy/usmca-deal.html|access-date=July 2, 2020|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=July 1, 2020|title=Under USMCA, Canada rolls with 'new NAFTA'|url=https://www.freightwaves.com/news/under-usmca-canada-rolls-with-new-nafta|access-date=July 2, 2020|website=FreightWaves|language=en-US}}</ref> since many provisions from NAFTA were incorporated and its changes were seen as largely incremental. On July 1, 2020, the USMCA entered into force in all member states.

In June 2018, after Trudeau explained that Canadians would not be "pushed around" by the [[first Trump tariffs]] on Canada's aluminum and steel, Trump labeled Trudeau as "dishonest" and "meek", and accused Trudeau of making "false statements", although it is unclear which statements Trump was referring to. Trump's adviser on trade, [[Peter Navarro]], said that there was a "special place in hell" for Trudeau as he employed "bad faith diplomacy with President Donald J. Trump and then tried to stab him in the back on the way out the door ... that comes right from [[Air Force One]]."<ref>{{cite web |title='Very dishonest & weak': Trump lashes out at Trudeau following G7 summit |url=http://www.thejournal.ie/g7-trump-4062794-Jun2018/ |website=[[thejournal.ie]] |date=June 10, 2018 |publisher=[[Associated Press]] |access-date=June 10, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Watkins |first1=Eli |title=Trump's top economic aide on Trudeau: 'It was a betrayal' |date=June 10, 2018 |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2018/06/10/politics/larry-kudlow-donald-trump-justin-trudeau/index.html |publisher=[[CNN]] |access-date=June 13, 2018}}</ref> Days later, Trump said that Trudeau's comments are "going to cost a lot of money for the people of Canada".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Dangerfield |first1=Katie |title=Donald Trump slams Trudeau (again), says PM will cost Canadians a lot of money |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/4268418/donald-trump-justin-trudeau-cost-canada-money/ |publisher=[[Global News]] |access-date=June 13, 2018}}</ref>

In June 2019, the U.S. State Department spokesperson [[Morgan Ortagus]] said the U.S. "view Canada's claim that the waters of the Northwest Passage are internal waters of Canada as inconsistent with international law".<ref>{{cite news |title=The US is picking a fight with Canada over a thawing Arctic shipping route |url=https://qz.com/1653831/the-us-is-picking-a-fight-with-canada-over-an-arctic-shipping-route/ |work=Quartz |date=June 27, 2019}}</ref>

==== Justin Trudeau and Joe Biden (January 2021 – January 2025) ====
[[File:P20230324AS-0994 (52829489332).jpg|thumb|President [[Joe Biden]] and Prime Minister [[Justin Trudeau]], March 2023]]
Following the victory of [[Joe Biden]] in the [[2020 United States presidential election|2020 U.S. presidential election]], Trudeau congratulated him on his victory;<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 7, 2020 |title=Trudeau, party leaders congratulate president-elect Joe Biden on U.S. election victory |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/trudeau-congratulates-joe-biden-1.5794006 |access-date=March 28, 2025 |website=CBC News |language=en-US}}</ref>  indicating a significant improvement in Canada–U.S. relationships, which had been strained in the years prior during the [[First presidency of Donald Trump|Presidency of Donald Trump]].

On January 22, 2021, Biden and Trudeau held their first phone call. Trudeau was the first foreign leader to receive a phone call from Biden as president.<ref>{{cite web |title=Readout of President Joe Biden Call with Prime Minister Justin Trudeau of Canada |url= https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/01/22/readout-of-president-joe-biden-call-with-prime-minister-justin-trudeau-of-canada/ |website=Biden White House Archives |date=January 22, 2021}}</ref>

On February 23, 2021, Biden and Trudeau held their first bilateral meeting. Although virtual, the bilateral meeting was Biden's first as president. The two leaders discussed "COVID-19, economic recovery, climate change, and refugees and migration" among other subjects.<ref>{{cite web |title=Remarks by President Biden and Prime Minister Trudeau of Canada Before Virtual Bilateral Meeting |url=https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefing-room/speeches-remarks/2021/02/23/remarks-by-president-biden-and-prime-minister-trudeau-of-canada-before-virtual-bilateral-meeting/ |website=Biden White House Archives |date=February 23, 2021}}</ref>

==== Justin Trudeau and Donald Trump (January 2025 – March 2025) ====
{{See also|2025 United States trade war with Canada and Mexico|Movements for the annexation of Canada to the United States#Proposals to annex Canada by President Donald Trump}}

During his [[Donald Trump 2024 presidential campaign|2024 campaign]] and continuing into his [[second presidency of Donald Trump|second presidency]], Trump spoke repeatedly about imposing tariffs on Canada and making [[Movements for the annexation of Canada to the United States|Canada the 51st U.S. state]]. On November 29, 2024, Trudeau met with Trump to address trade issues after [[2025 United States trade war with Canada and Mexico|Trump threatened a 25% tariff]] on Canadian imports and planned to rethink the USMCA.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vaillancourt |first=William |title=Donald Trump Dines With Justin Trudeau at Mar-a-Lago After Tariff Threat |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/donald-trump-dines-with-justin-trudeau-at-mar-a-lago-after-tariff-threat |work=The Daily Beast |date=2024-11-29 |access-date=2024-12-03}}</ref> Trudeau warned of retaliation if tariffs were enacted.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2024-12-03 |title=Trump's apparent joke about Canada becoming 51st state draws range of reaction in B.C. |url=https://bc.ctvnews.ca/trump-s-apparent-joke-about-canada-becoming-51st-state-draws-range-of-reaction-in-b-c-1.7132877 |access-date=2024-12-10 |website=British Columbia |language=en |archive-date=December 5, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241205022802/https://bc.ctvnews.ca/trump-s-apparent-joke-about-canada-becoming-51st-state-draws-range-of-reaction-in-b-c-1.7132877 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Trump continued his comments throughout December, calling Canada a state and Trudeau a governor.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Crawley |first=Mike |date=January 6, 2025 |title=Trump responds to Trudeau resignation by suggesting Canada merge with U.S. |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/justin-trudeau-resigns-us-donald-trump-tariffs-1.7423756 |access-date=January 7, 2025 |website=CBC News}}</ref> On December 18, he claimed many Canadians supported the idea of becoming the 51st state. Trudeau firmly rejected any possibility of annexation on January 7.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trudeau says 'not a snowball's chance in hell' Canada will join US |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c4gzn4xx0q2o |access-date=2025-01-08 |website=www.bbc.com |date=January 7, 2025 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title="Oh Canada": Donald Trump Shares New US Map Amid Controversy |url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/oh-canada-donald-trumps-new-map-shows-canada-as-part-of-us-7424666 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref> In early February 2025, Trudeau announced retaliatory tariffs of 25% against the United States on {{CAD|155}}&nbsp;billion worth of U.S. goods.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mukherjee |first1=Promit |title=Canada announces retaliatory tariffs on long-time ally |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/canadas-trudeau-announces-counter-tariffs-2025-02-02/ |work=Reuters |date=2 February 2025}}</ref>

==== Mark Carney and Donald Trump (March 2025 – present) ====
[[File:P20250506DT-0131 (54502217369).jpg|thumb|President [[Donald Trump]] and Prime Minister [[Mark Carney]], May 2025]]
{{See also|2025 United States trade war with Canada and Mexico|Movements for the annexation of Canada to the United States#Proposals to annex Canada by President Donald Trump}}
In March 2025, [[Mark Carney]] vowed to "win the trade war" against U.S. President Donald Trump, who had imposed tariffs on Canadian goods and suggested annexing Canada as the [[51st state]]. Carney condemned Trump's "unjustified tariffs" and pledged retaliatory measures until the U.S. "shows respect."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-10 |title=Mark Carney: Canada's next PM vows to win trade war with Trump |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c36wkg47z1po |access-date=2025-03-11 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> In light of increased hostility between the two nations, the prime minister claimed that the economic and military cooperation that Canada and the US once had was permanently altered to the point of the previously positive relations being over.<ref name="era">{{cite web|last=Henley|first=Jon|date=27 March 2025|title=End of an era for Canada-US ties, says Carney, as allies worldwide decry Trump's car tariffs|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2025/mar/27/us-allies-worldwide-decry-trump-car-tariffs-and-threaten-retaliation|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250328085919/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2025/mar/27/us-allies-worldwide-decry-trump-car-tariffs-and-threaten-retaliation|archive-date=28 March 2025|access-date=28 March 2025}}</ref>  Mark Carney's victory in the Canadian election signals a shift in the country's relationship with the United States, as he aims to reduce dependence on U.S. policies. Carney has vowed to combat U.S. tariffs and protect Canadian interests, focusing on strengthening ties with Europe and Asia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-29 |title=Canada-US relations after Mark Carney's victory |url=https://www.france24.com/en/video/20250429-canada-us-relations-after-mark-carney-s-victory |access-date=2025-04-29 |website=France 24 |language=en}}</ref> Prime Minister Carney and President Trump formally met for the first time at the White House on May 6, 2025, nearly two months after Carney replaced Trudeau in office.