Editing Calf (animal) (section)

=== Young calf ===

==== Stillbirth ====

===== Genetic anomalies and congenital defects =====
Simple monsters correspond to a single, more or less malformed fetus. These include autosites, omphalosites, and parasites, which form a shapeless mass, lacking a proper umbilical cord, and implanted directly onto the uterine walls via a vascular plexus, as well as anidians, spherical masses covered in hair containing muscle, fat, and bone tissue, all connected to the uterus.<ref name=":33"/>

Calves suffer from few congenital abnormalities but the [[Akabane virus]] is widely distributed in [[temperate]] to [[Tropics|tropical]] regions of the world. The virus is a teratogenic pathogen which causes spontaneous [[abortion]]s, stillbirths, premature births and congenital abnormalities, but occurs only during some years.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Yanase |first1=Tohru |last2=Murota |first2=Katsunori |last3=Hayama |first3=Yoko |date=2020 |title=Endemic and Emerging Arboviruses in Domestic Ruminants in East Asia |journal=Front Vet Sci |volume=7 |page=168 |doi=10.3389/fvets.2020.00168 |doi-access=free |pmid=32318588 |pmc=7154088 }}</ref>

Double monsters are true twins that have not been completely separated. They can take various forms. Eusophalians and monophalians have two heads and four pairs of limbs, joined at some part of the body, typically the ventral and sternal walls.<ref name=":8" /><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Schlafer |first1=DH |chapter=Female Genital System |last2=Foster |first2=RA |title=Jubb, Kennedy & Palmer's Pathology of Domestic Animals: Volume 3 |date=2016 |publisher=Jubb, Kennedy & Palmer's Pathology of Domestic Animals |volume=3 |pages=358–464.e1 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-7020-5319-1.00015-3 |pmc=7158333 |pmid=|isbn=978-0-7020-5319-1 }}</ref> Some monsters have a body normally formed with two pairs of limbs but are equipped with two heads (monosomians) or two heads and two thoraxes (sysomians). In contrast, sycéphalians and monocéphaliens have a double body joined into a single head or with parts of the head in common. Sometimes, one of the fetuses is incomplete, reduced to one or two limbs, and is implanted on the other fully developed fetus, living parasitically on it.<ref name=":33" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Whitlock |first1=B.K |last2=Kaiser |first2=L |last3=Maxwell |first3=H.S |date=2008 |title=Heritable bovine fetal abnormalities |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0093691X08002008?__cf_chl_tk=OV8YqjmAugXgoAbnaYxwka1q1.eWtZVOoTNMJ9NcezY-1745852854-1.0.1.1-YZ.s5jPnWxHYHDqQa7Mz3CO7EFyLRe2gou_RI9j5zzM |journal=Theriogenology |volume=70 |issue=3 |pages=535–549 |doi=10.1016/j.theriogenology.2008.04.016 |pmid=18514810 |access-date=April 28, 2025}}</ref>

===== Neonatal diseases =====
[[File:Veau.JPG|left|thumb|Charolais veal lying in straw.]]
The main risk that a calf faces during calving is a lack of [[oxygen]] or anoxia. This can occur for various reasons. Firstly, when a cow is already exhausted from a difficult birth, the calf's oxygen supply during delivery is not guaranteed. Moreover, if the calving process is prolonged, the oxygen supply to the calf is interrupted about six hours after the rupture of the water bag, as the [[placenta]] begins to detach.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2006 |title=Premiers soins aux veaux nouveau-nés |trans-title=First aid for newborn calves |url=https://die-fruchtbare-kuh.ch/fileadmin/user_upload/customers/swissgenetics/Dokumente/Beratungsartikel/2006/Premiers_soins_aux_veaux_nouveau-nes_0906_f.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240625011902/https://die-fruchtbare-kuh.ch/fileadmin/user_upload/customers/swissgenetics/Dokumente/Beratungsartikel/2006/Premiers_soins_aux_veaux_nouveau-nes_0906_f.pdf |archive-date=June 25, 2024 |website=swissgentics |language=fr}}</ref> Anoxia is a contributing cause of another common disease in newborn calves: hypothermia. This is generally linked to harsh environmental conditions following birth.<ref name=":13">{{Harvsp|Dudouet|2004}}</ref>

Another common disease in newborns is omphalitis. This refers to an [[inflammation]] of the [[Navel|umbilicus]]. The microbes responsible for the infection can travel along the umbilical veins and cause complications such as abscesses in the liver and bladder, as well as arthritis or peritonitis. Symptoms include hypothermia, lethargy, and swelling of the umbilicus.<ref name=":13"/>

Calves commonly face on-farm acquired diseases, often of infectious nature. Preweaned calves most commonly experience conditions such as diarrhea, omphalitis, lameness and respiratory diseases. Diarrhea, omphalitis and lameness are most common in calves aged up to two weeks, while the frequency of respiratory diseases tends to increase with age. These conditions also display seasonal patterns, with omphalitis being more common in the summer months, and respiratory diseases and diarrhea occurring more frequently in the fall.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Dachrodt |first1=L. |last2=Arndt |first2=H. |last3=Bartel |first3=A. |last4=Kellermann |first4=L.M. |last5=Tautenhahn |first5=A. |last6=Volkmann |first6=M. |last7=Birnstiel |first7=K. |last8=Do Duc |first8=P. |last9=Hentzsch |first9=A. |last10=Jensen |first10=K.C. |last11=Klawitter |first11=M. |last12=Paul |first12=P. |last13=Stoll |first13=A. |last14=Woudstra |first14=S. |last15=Zuz |first15=P. |date=2021-05-10 |title=Prevalence of disorders in preweaned dairy calves from 731 dairies in Germany: A cross-sectional study |journal=Journal of Dairy Science |language=en |volume=104 |issue=8 |pages=9037–9051 |doi=10.3168/jds.2021-20283 |pmid=33985777 |s2cid=234495803 |doi-access=free |last16=Knubben |first16=G. |last17=Metzner |first17=M. |last18=Müller |first18=K.E. |last19=Merle |first19=R. |last20=Hoedemaker |first20=M.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Dachrodt |first1=Linda |last2=Bartel |first2=Alexander |last3=Arndt |first3=Heidi |last4=Kellermann |first4=Laura Maria |last5=Stock |first5=Annegret |last6=Volkmann |first6=Maria |last7=Boeker |first7=Andreas Robert |last8=Birnstiel |first8=Katrin |last9=Do Duc |first9=Phuong |last10=Klawitter |first10=Marcus |last11=Paul |first11=Philip |last12=Stoll |first12=Alexander |last13=Woudstra |first13=Svenja |last14=Knubben-Schweizer |first14=Gabriela |last15=Müller |first15=Kerstin Elisabeth |date=2022-09-23 |title=Benchmarking calf health: Assessment tools for dairy herd health consultancy based on reference values from 730 German dairies with respect to seasonal, farm type, and herd size effects |journal=Frontiers in Veterinary Science |volume=9 |page=990798 |doi=10.3389/fvets.2022.990798 |issn=2297-1769 |pmc=9539667 |pmid=36213417 |doi-access=free |last16=Hoedemaker |first16=M.}}</ref>