Editing Burushaski (section)

==== Indication of the subject and object ====
The subject and object of the verb are indicated by the use of personal prefixes and suffixes in positions 3, 8 and 10 as follows:

{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#c0f0f0;"
!Affix
!Position
!Function
|-
| Prefixes || style="text-align:center;"| 3 || direct object of transitive verbs, subject of intransitive ones
|-
| Suffixes || style="text-align:center;"| 8/10 || subject of transitive and intransitive verbs
|}

The personal prefixes are identical to the pronominal prefixes of nouns (mandatory with body parts and kinship terms, as above). A simplified overview of the forms of the affixes is given in the following table:

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Personal prefix<br />{{no bold|(Position 3)}}
|- style="background:#c0f0f0;"
!Person/<br />noun class
!Singular
!Plural
|-
| 1st Person || style="text-align:center;"| ''a-'' || style="text-align:center;"| ''mi-''
|-
| 2nd Person || style="text-align:center;"| ''gu-'' || style="text-align:center;"| ''ma-''
|-
| 3rd Person m || style="text-align:center;"| ''i-'' || style="text-align:center;"| ''u-''
|-
| 3rd Person f || style="text-align:center;"| ''mu-'' || style="text-align:center;"| ''u-''
|-
| 3rd Person x || style="text-align:center;"| ''i-'' || style="text-align:center;"| ''u-''
|-
| 3rd Person y || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| ''i-''
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Personal suffixes<br />{{no bold|(Positions 8 and 10)}}
|- style="background:#c0f0f0;"
!Person/<br />noun class
!Singular
!Plural
|-
| 1st/2nd Person || style="text-align:center;"| ''-a'' || style="text-align:center;"| ''-an''
|-
| 3rd Person m || style="text-align:center;"| ''-i'' || style="text-align:center;"| ''-an''
|-
| 3rd Person f || style="text-align:center;"| ''-o'' || style="text-align:center;"| ''-an''
|-
| 3rd Person x || style="text-align:center;"| ''-i'' || style="text-align:center;"| ''-ie''
|-
| 3rd Person y || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| ''-i''
|}

For example, the construction of the preterite of the transitive verb ''phus'' 'to tie', with prefixes and suffixes separated by hyphens, is as follows :
* ''i-phus-i-m-i'' "he ties him" (filled positions: 3-5-8-9-10)
* ''mu-phus-i-m-i'' "he ties her (f)"
* ''u-phus-i-m-i'' "he ties them (pl. hx)"
* ''mi-phus-i-m-i'' "he ties us"
* ''i-phus-i-m-an'' "we/you/they tie him"
* ''mi-phus-i-m-an'' "you/they tie us"
* ''i-phus-i-m-a'' "I tie it"
* ''gu-phus-i-m-a'' "I tie you"

The personal affixes are also used when the noun occupies the role of the subject or the object, e.g. ''hir i-ír-i-mi'' 'the man died'. With intransitive verbs, the subject function is indicated by both a prefix and a suffix, as in:
* ''gu-ir-č-u-m-a'' "you will die" (future)
* ''i-ghurts-i-m-i'' "he sank" (preterite)

Personal prefixes do not occur in all verbs and all tenses. Some verbs do not admit personal prefixes, others still do so only under certain circumstances. Personal prefixes used with intransitive verbs often express a volitional function, with prefixed forms indicating an action contrary to the intention of the subject. For example:
* ''hurúṭ-i-m-i'' "he sat down" (volitional action without prefix)
* ''i-ír-i-m-i'' "he died" (involuntary action with prefix)
* ''ghurts-i-mi'' "he went willingly underwater", "he dove" (without prefix)
* ''i-ghurts-i-m-i'' "he went unwillingly underwater", "he sank" (with prefix)