Editing Book of Mormon (section)

====Genetics====
{{main|Genetics and the Book of Mormon}}
{{see also|Genetic history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas}}

Until the late-twentieth century, most adherents of the Latter Day Saint movement who affirmed Book of Mormon historicity believed the people described in the Book of Mormon text were the exclusive ancestors of all Indigenous peoples in the Americas.{{sfn|Gardner|2021|p=152}} DNA evidence proved that to be impossible, as no DNA evidence links any [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native American group]] to ancestry from the ancient [[Ethnic groups in the Middle East|Near East]] as a belief in Book of Mormon peoples as the exclusive ancestors of Indigenous Americans would require. Instead, detailed genetic research indicates that Indigenous Americans' ancestry traces back to Asia,<ref>One popular traditional view of the Book of Mormon suggested that Native Americans were principally the descendants of an Israelite migration around 600 BC. However, DNA evidence shows no Near Eastern component in the Native American genetic make-up. " ...[T]he DNA lineages of Central America resemble those of other Native American tribes throughout the two continents. Over 99 percent of the lineages found among native groups from this region are clearly of Asian descent. Modern and ancient DNA samples tested from among the Maya generally fall into the major founding lineage classes... The Mayan Empire has been regarded by Mormons to be the closest to the people of the Book of Mormon because its people were literate and culturally sophisticated. However, leading New World anthropologists, including those specializing in the region, have found the Maya to be similarly related to Asians"; see {{Harvtxt|Southerton|2004|p=191}}. Defenders of the book's historical authenticity suggest that the Book of Mormon does not disallow for other groups of people to have contributed to the genetic make-up of Native Americans—see {{Harvtxt|Duffy|2008|pp=41, 48}}—and in 2006, the church changed its introduction to the official LDS edition of the Book of Mormon to allow for a greater diversity of ancestry of Native Americans; see {{harvp|Moore|2007}}.</ref> and reveals numerous details about the movements and settlements of ancient Americans which are either lacking in, or contradicted by, the Book of Mormon narrative.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Southerton|2004|pp=49}}. A "large volume of research... has revealed continuous, widespread human occupation of the Americas for the last 14,000 years. Such research conflicts with popular LDS views patterned on the Book of Mormon." See also pg. 125: after a survey of relevant genetic research, Southerton concludes that "the peoples of the Pacific Rim who met Columbus and Cook were not Israelites. They were descendants of a far more ancient branch of the human family tree."</ref>{{efn|The first settlers in the Americas were [[Upper Paleolithic|Paleolithic]] [[hunter-gatherer]]s ([[Paleo-Indians]]) who entered [[North America]] from the [[North Asia]]n [[Mammoth steppe]] via the [[Beringia land bridge]], which had formed between northeastern [[Siberia]] and western [[Alaska]] due to the lowering of [[sea level]] during the [[Last Glacial Maximum]].<ref name="Smithsoniana">{{cite news |last=Pringle |first=Heather |author-link=Heather Pringle (writer) |title=What Happens When an Archaeologist Challenges Mainstream Scientific Thinking? |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/jacques-cinq-mars-bluefish-caves-scientific-progress-180962410 |date=March 8, 2017 |work=[[Smithsonian (magazine)|Smithsonian]] }}</ref> These populations expanded south of the [[Laurentide Ice Sheet]] and spread rapidly southward, occupying both [[Americas|North and South America]], by 12,000 to 14,000 years ago.<ref name="FaganDurrani2016">{{cite book |first1=Brian M. |last1=Fagan |first2=Nadia |last2=Durrani |name-list-style=amp |title=World Prehistory: A Brief Introduction |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fMneCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA124 |year=2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-34244-1 |page=124}}</ref><ref name=Goebel>{{cite journal |title=The Late Pleistocene dispersal of modern humans in the Americas |last1=Goebel |first1=Ted |last2=Waters |first2=Michael R. |last3=O'Rourke |first3=Dennis H. |url=http://www.centerfirstamericans.com/cfsa-publications/Science2008.pdf |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=319 |issue=5869 |pages=1497–1502 |year=2008 |pmid=18339930 |doi=10.1126/science.1153569 |bibcode=2008Sci...319.1497G |access-date=2010-02-05  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102191740/http://www.centerfirstamericans.com/cfsa-publications/Science2008.pdf |archive-date=2014-01-02 |citeseerx=10.1.1.398.9315 |s2cid=36149744 }}</ref><ref name="NYT-20180103">{{cite news |last=Zimmer |first=Carl |author-link=Carl Zimmer |title=In the Bones of a Buried Child, Signs of a Massive Human Migration to the Americas |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/03/science/native-americans-beringia-siberia.html |date=January 3, 2018 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=January 3, 2018 }}</ref><ref name="NAT-20180103">{{cite journal |last1=Moreno-Mayar |first1=JV |last2=Potter |first2=BA |last3=Vinner |first3=L |last4=Steinrücken |first4=M |last5=Rasmussen |first5=S |last6=Terhorst |first6=J |last7=Kamm |first7=JA |last8=Albrechtsen |first8=A |last9=Malaspinas |first9=A-S |last10=Sikora |first10=M |last11=Reuther |first11=JD |last12=Irish |first12=JD |last13=Malhi |first13=RS |last14=Orlando |first14=L |last15=Song |first15=YA |last16=Nielsen |first16=R |last17=Meltzer |first17=DJ |last18=Willerslev |first18=E  |display-authors=3 |title=Terminal Pleistocene Alaskan genome reveals first founding population of Native Americans |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |doi=10.1038/nature25173 |pmid=29323294 |bibcode=2018Natur.553..203M |volume=553 |issue=7687 |year=2018 |pages=203–207 |s2cid=4454580 |url=http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/id/eprint/7887/1/UpwardSun_Nature%20paper%20MS%20DEC17.pdf}}</ref><ref name="thesis2021">{{Cite thesis |last=Núñez Castillo |first=Mélida Inés |date=2021-12-20 |title=Ancient genetic landscape of archaeological human remains from Panama, South America and Oceania described through STR genotype frequencies and mitochondrial DNA sequences |url=https://ediss.uni-goettingen.de/handle/21.11130/00-1735-0000-0008-59CC-F |journal=Dissertation |doi=10.53846/goediss-9012|s2cid=247052631 |type=doctoralThesis |doi-access=free }}</ref> Indigenous peoples of the Americas have been linked to Siberian populations by [[genetic history of indigenous peoples of the Americas|genetic composition]] as reflected by [[Molecule|molecular]] data, such as [[DNA]].<ref name="AshRobinson2011">{{cite book |first1=Patricia J. |last1=Ash |first2=David J. |last2=Robinson |name-list-style=amp |title=The Emergence of Humans: An Exploration of the Evolutionary Timeline |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JUlSYsyC-NQC&pg=PT289 |year=2011 |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |isbn=978-1-119-96424-7 |page=289}}</ref><ref name="Roberts2010">{{Cite book|author=Alice Roberts|title=The Incredible Human Journey|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ng8ai3xkZRUC&pg=PT101|year=2010|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=978-1-4088-1091-0|pages=101–103|access-date=2019-08-05|archive-date=2021-01-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125180803/https://books.google.com/books?id=ng8ai3xkZRUC&pg=PT101|url-status=live}}</ref> Analyses of genetics among Indigenous American and Siberian populations have been used to argue for early isolation of [[Founder effect|founding populations]] on [[Beringia]]<ref name="Tammetal">{{Cite journal |display-authors=3 |last1=Tamm |first1=Erika |last2=Kivisild |first2=Toomas |last3=Reidla |first3=Maere |last4=Metspalu |first4=Mait |last5=Smith |first5=David Glenn |last6=Mulligan |first6=Connie J. |last7=Bravi |first7=Claudio M. |last8=Rickards |first8=Olga |last9=Martinez-Labarga |first9=Cristina |last10=Khusnutdinova |first10=Elsa K. |last11=Fedorova |first11=Sardana A. |last12=Golubenko |first12=Maria V. |last13=Stepanov |first13=Vadim A. |last14=Gubina |first14=Marina A. |last15=Zhadanov |first15=Sergey I. |last16=Ossipova |first16=Ludmila P. |last17=Damba |first17=Larisa |last18=Voevoda |first18=Mikhail I. |last19=Dipierri |first19=Jose E. |last20=Villems |first20=Richard |last21=Malhi |first21=Ripan S. |title=Beringian Standstill and Spread of Native American Founders |journal=PLOS ONE |date=5 September 2007 |volume=2 |issue=9 |pages=e829 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0000829 |pmid=17786201 |pmc=1952074 |bibcode=2007PLoSO...2..829T |doi-access=free }}</ref> and for later, more rapid migration from Siberia through Beringia into the [[New World]].<ref name="Derenkoetal">{{Cite journal |first1=Miroslava |last1=Derenko |first2=Boris |last2=Malyarchuk |first3=Tomasz |last3=Grzybowski |first4=Galina |last4=Denisova |first5=Urszula |last5=Rogalla |first6=Maria |last6=Perkova |first7=Irina |last7=Dambueva |first8=Ilia |last8=Zakharov |display-authors=3 |title=Origin and Post-Glacial Dispersal of Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroups C and D in Northern Asia |journal=PLOS ONE |volume= 5 |issue=12 |pages=e15214 |date=21 December 2010 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0015214 |pmid=21203537 |pmc=3006427 |bibcode=2010PLoSO...515214D|doi-access=free }}</ref> The [[microsatellite]] diversity and distributions of the Y lineage specific to [[South America]] indicates that certain Indigenous American populations have been isolated since the initial peopling of the region.<ref name="Bortolini">{{Cite journal |first1=Maria-Catira |last1=Bortolini |first2=Francisco M. |last2=Salzano |first3=Mark G. |last3=Thomas |first4=Steven |last4=Stuart |first5=Selja P.K. |last5=Nasanen |first6=Claiton H.D. |last6=Bau |first7=Mara H. |last7=Hutz |first8=Zulay |last8=Layrisse |first9=Maria L. |last9=Petzl-Erler |first10=Luiza T. |last10=Tsuneto |first11=Kim |last11=Hill |first12=Ana M. |last12=Hurtado |first13=Dinorah |last13=Castro-de-Guerra |first14=Maria M. |last14=Torres |first15=Helena |last15=Groot |first16=Roman |last16=Michalski |first17=Pagbajabyn |last17=Nymadawa |first18=Gabriel |last18=Bedoya |first19=Neil |last19=Bradman |first20=Damian |last20=Labuda |first21=Andres |last21=Ruiz-Linares |display-authors=3 |title=Y-chromosome evidence for differing ancient demographic histories in the Americas |journal=[[American Journal of Human Genetics]] |volume=73 |issue=3 |date=September 2003 | pages=524–539 |pmc=1180678 |pmid=12900798 |doi=10.1086/377588 }}</ref> The [[Na-Dene]], [[Inuit]] and [[Alaska Natives|Native Alaskan]] populations exhibit [[Haplogroup Q-M242]]; however, they are distinct from other Indigenous Americans with various mtDNA and atDNA mutations.<!--ref name="NaDene" /><ref name="Zegura" /--><ref name="inuit">{{Cite journal |display-authors=3 |title=mtDNA Variation among Greenland Eskimos. The Edge of the Beringian Expansion |url= |journal=American Journal of Human Genetics |first1=Juliette |last1=Saillard |first2=Peter |last2=Forster |first3=Niels |last3=Lynnerup |first4=Hans-Jürgen |last4=Bandelt |first5=Søren |last5=Nørby |volume=67 |pages=718–726 |year=2000 |doi=10.1086/303038 |issue=3 |pmid=10924403 |pmc=1287530}}</ref> This suggests that the peoples who first settled in the northern extremes of [[North America]] and [[Greenland]] derived from later migrant populations than those who penetrated farther south in the Americas.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Schurr |first1=Theodore G. |title=The Peopling of the New World: Perspectives from Molecular Anthropology |journal=[[Annual Review of Anthropology]] |date=21 October 2004 |volume=33 |pages=551–583 |doi=10.1146/annurev.anthro.33.070203.143932}}</ref><ref name="Nadene1">{{Cite journal |first1=Antonio |last1=Torroni |first2=Theodore G. |last2=Schurr |first3=Chi-Chuan |last3=Yang |first4=Emoke J. E. |last4=Szathmary |first5=Robert C. |last5=Williams |first6=Moses S. |last6=Schanfield |first7=Gary A. |last7=Troup |first8=William C. |last8=Knowler |first9=Dale N. |last9=Lawrence |first10=Kenneth M. |last10=Weiss |first11=Douglas C. |last11=Wallace |display-authors=3 |title=Native American Mitochondrial DNA Analysis Indicates That the Amerind and the Nadene Populations Were Founded by Two Independent Migrations |journal=[[Genetics (journal)|Genetics]] |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=153–162 |pmid=1346260 |pmc=1204788 |date=January 1992 |doi=10.1093/genetics/130.1.153 }}</ref>}}