Editing Black Death (section)

==Recurrences==

===Second plague pandemic===
{{Main|Second plague pandemic}}
[[File:Great plague of london-1665.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[Great Plague of London]], in 1665, killed up to 100,000 people.]]
[[File:Paul Fürst, Der Doctor Schnabel von Rom (coloured version).png|thumb|upright|A [[plague doctor]] and his typical [[plague doctor costume|apparel]] during the 17th-century outbreak]]

The plague repeatedly returned to haunt Europe and the Mediterranean throughout the 14th to 17th centuries.{{sfn|Porter|2009|p=25}} According to Jean-Noël Biraben, the plague was present somewhere in Europe in every year between 1346 and 1671 (although some researchers have cautions about the uncritical use of Biraben's data).{{sfn|Hays|1998|p=58}}{{sfn|Roosen|Curtis|2018}} The second pandemic was particularly widespread in the following years: 1360–1363; 1374; 1400; 1438–1439; 1456–1457; 1464–1466; 1481–1485; 1500–1503; 1518–1531; 1544–1548; 1563–1566; 1573–1588; 1596–1599; 1602–1611; 1623–1640; 1644–1654; and 1664–1667. Subsequent outbreaks, though severe, marked the plague's retreat from most of Europe (18th&nbsp;century) and North Africa (19th&nbsp;century).{{sfn|Hays|2005|p=46}}

Historian George Sussman argued that the plague had not occurred in East Africa until the 20th century.{{sfn|Sussman|2011}} However, other sources suggest that the second pandemic did indeed reach sub-Saharan Africa.{{sfn|Green|2018}}

According to historian [[Geoffrey Parker (historian)|Geoffrey Parker]], "France alone lost almost a million people to the plague in the epidemic of 1628–31."{{sfn|Parker|2001|p=7}} In the first half of the 17th century, a plague killed some 1.7 million people in Italy.<ref>Karl Julius Beloch, ''Bevölkerungsgeschichte Italiens'', volume 3, pp. 359–60.</ref> More than 1.25 million deaths resulted from the extreme incidence of plague in 17th-century [[Habsburg Spain|Spain]].{{sfn|Payne|1973|loc=Chapter 15: The Seventeenth-Century Decline}}

The Black Death ravaged much of the [[Muslim world|Islamic world]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/islam/mongols/blackDeath.html |title=The Islamic World to 1600: The Mongol Invasions (The Black Death) |publisher=Ucalgary.ca |access-date=10 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090721033845/http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/islam/mongols/blackDeath.html |archive-date=21 July 2009 }}</ref> Plague could be found in the Islamic world almost every year between 1500 and 1850. Sometimes the outbreaks affected small areas, while other outbreaks affected multiple regions.<ref>{{Cite book | vauthors = Byrne JP | title = Encyclopedia of Pestilence, Pandemics, and Plagues: N–Z | url = https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofpe00jose/page/519/ | publisher = ABC-CLIO | year = 2008 | page = 519 | isbn = 978-0-313-34103-8 }}</ref> Plague repeatedly struck the cities of North Africa. [[Algiers]] lost 30,000–50,000 inhabitants to it in 1620–1621, and again in 1654–1657, 1665, 1691, and 1740–1742.{{sfn|Davis|2004}} Cairo suffered more than fifty plague epidemics within 150 years from the plague's first appearance, with the final outbreak of the second pandemic there in the 1840s.<ref name=":7" /> Plague remained a major event in [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] society until the second quarter of the 19th century. Between 1701 and 1750, thirty-seven larger and smaller epidemics were recorded in [[Constantinople]], and an additional thirty-one between 1751 and 1800.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Université de Strasbourg |author2=Institut de turcologie, Université de Strasbourg |author3=Institut d'études turques, Association pour le développement des études turques|title=Turcica|publisher=Éditions Klincksieck|year=1998|page=198}}</ref> [[Baghdad]] has suffered severely from visitations of the plague, and sometimes two-thirds of its population died.{{sfn|Issawi|1988|p=99}}

===Third plague pandemic===
{{Main|Third plague pandemic}}
[[File:World distribution of plague 1998.PNG|thumb|Worldwide distribution of plague-infected animals, 1998]]

The third plague pandemic (1855–1859) started in China in the mid-19th century, spreading to all inhabited continents and killing 10 million people in India alone.<ref>[http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/321/5890/773 Infectious Diseases: Plague Through History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080817135739/http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/321/5890/773 |date=17 August 2008 }}, sciencemag.org</ref> The investigation of the pathogen that caused the 19th-century plague was begun by teams of scientists who visited Hong Kong in 1894, among whom was the French-Swiss bacteriologist [[Alexandre Yersin]], for whom the pathogen was named.{{sfn|Christakos|Olea|Serre|Wang|2005|pp=110–14}}

Twelve plague outbreaks in Australia between 1900 and 1925 resulted in over 1,000 deaths, chiefly in Sydney. This led to the establishment of a Public Health Department there which undertook some leading-edge research on plague transmission from rat fleas to humans via the bacillus ''Yersinia pestis''.<ref>[http://sydney.edu.au/medicine/museum/mwmuseum/index.php/Bubonic_Plague_comes_to_Sydney_in_1900 Bubonic Plague comes to Sydney in 1900] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210023117/http://sydney.edu.au/medicine/museum/mwmuseum/index.php/Bubonic_Plague_comes_to_Sydney_in_1900 |date=10 February 2012 }}, University of Sydney, Sydney Medical School</ref>

The first North American plague epidemic was the [[San Francisco plague of 1900–1904]], followed by another outbreak in 1907–1908.{{sfn|Chase|2004}}{{sfn|Echenberg|2007}}{{sfn|Kraut|1995}}

===Modern-day===
Modern treatment methods include [[insecticide]]s, the use of [[antibiotic]]s, and a [[plague vaccine]]. It is feared that the plague bacterium could develop [[drug resistance]] and again become a major health threat. One case of a drug-resistant form of the bacterium was found in [[Madagascar]] in 1995.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.scidev.net/en/health/antibiotic-resistance/news/drugresistant-plague-a-major-threat-say-scient.html |title=Drug-resistant plague a 'major threat', say scientists |date=23 March 2007 |first=T.V. |last=Padma |website=SciDev.net |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120719034621/http://www.scidev.net/en/health/antibiotic-resistance/news/drugresistant-plague-a-major-threat-say-scient.html |archivedate=19 July 2012}}</ref> Another outbreak in Madagascar was reported in November 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/csr/don/21-november-2014-plague/en/ |title=Plague – Madagascar |date=21 November 2014 |publisher=World Health Organisation |access-date=26 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502001426/https://www.who.int/csr/don/21-november-2014-plague/en/ |archive-date=2 May 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In October 2017, the [[21st-century Madagascar plague outbreaks|deadliest outbreak of the plague]] in modern times hit Madagascar, killing 170 people and infecting thousands.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/madagascar-wrestles-with-worst-outbreak-of-plague-in-half-a-century-1510788541|title=Madagascar Wrestles With Worst Outbreak of Plague in Half a Century |first1=Alexandra |last1=Wexler |first2=Amir |last2=Antoy |date=16 November 2017|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|access-date=17 November 2017|language=en-US |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171117010725/https://www.wsj.com/articles/madagascar-wrestles-with-worst-outbreak-of-plague-in-half-a-century-1510788541|archive-date=17 November 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

An estimate of the [[case fatality rate]] for the modern [[Plague (disease)|plague]], after the introduction of [[antibiotic]]s, is 11%, although it may be higher in underdeveloped regions.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/plague/faq/index.html|author=Centers for Disease Control (CDC)|title=FAQ: Plague|date=24 September 2015|access-date=24 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330171757/https://www.cdc.gov/plague/faq/index.html|archive-date=30 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>