Editing Betelgeuse (section)

=== Etymology ===
[[File:Al-Sufi's Orion, 1125 Baghdad copy, Doha Museum of Islamic Art Ms 2. 1998. SO.jpg|thumb|An illustration of Orion (horizontally reversed) in [[Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi|al-Sufi]]'s ''[[Book of Fixed Stars]]''. Betelgeuze is annotated as ''Yad al-Jauzā'' ("Hand of Orion"), one of the proposed etymological origins of its modern name, and also as ''Mankib al Jauzā''' ("Shoulder of Orion").]]

Betelgeuse is often mistranslated as "armpit of the central one".<ref>{{cite book | first=Ian | last=Ridpath | year=2006 | author-link=Ian Ridpath | page=8 | title=The Monthly Sky Guide | edition=7th | publisher=Cambridge University Press | isbn=978-0-521-68435-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P3JhtnAX-PwC&pg=PA8 }}</ref> In his 1899 work ''[[Star Names|Star-Names and Their Meanings]]'', American amateur naturalist Richard Hinckley Allen stated the derivation was from the {{nowrap|{{lang|ar|ابط الجوزاء}}}} ''{{transliteration|ar|Ibṭ al-Jauzah}}'', which he claimed degenerated into a number of forms, including ''Bed Elgueze'', ''Beit Algueze'', ''Bet El-gueze'', and ''Beteigeuze'', to the forms ''Betelgeuse'', ''Betelguese'', ''Betelgueze'' and ''Betelgeux''. The star was named ''Beldengeuze'' in the ''[[Alfonsine tables|Alfonsine Tables]]'',<ref name="Kunitzsch86">{{cite journal|last=Kunitzsch|first=Paul|year=1986|title=The Star Catalogue Commonly Appended to the Alfonsine Tables|journal=Journal for the History of Astronomy|volume=17|issue=49|pages=89–98|bibcode = 1986JHA....17...89K |doi=10.1177/002182868601700202|s2cid=118597258}}</ref> and Italian [[Jesuit]] priest and astronomer [[Giovanni Battista Riccioli]] had called it ''Bectelgeuze'' or ''Bedalgeuze''.<ref name="allen">{{cite book | author-link=Richard Hinckley Allen | author=Allen, Richard Hinckley | year=1963 | orig-year=1899 | title=Star Names: Their Lore and Meaning | edition=[[Reprint|rep]]. | publisher=[[Dover Publications]] Inc. | location=New York, [[New York (state)|NY]] | url=https://archive.org/details/starnamestheirlo00alle/page/310 | isbn=((978-0-486-21079-7)) | pages=[https://archive.org/details/starnamestheirlo00alle/page/310 310–12] }}</ref>

Paul Kunitzsch, Professor of Arabic Studies at the University of Munich, refuted Allen's derivation and instead proposed that the full name is a corruption of the Arabic {{lang|ar|يد الجوزاء}} ''{{transliteration|ar|Yad al-Jauzā'}}'', meaning "the Hand of ''al-Jauzā<nowiki>'"</nowiki>''; ''i.e.'', Orion.<ref name="KUNITZSCH1959">{{cite book |author=Kunitzsch, Paul |year=1959 |title=Arabische Sternnamen in Europa |publisher=[[Otto Harrassowitz]] |location=Wiesbaden |bibcode=1959ase..book.....K }}</ref> European mistransliteration into [[medieval Latin]] led to the first character ''y'' ('''ﻴ''', with two dots underneath) being misread as a ''b'' ('''ﺒ''', with only one dot underneath). During the [[Renaissance]], the star's name was written as {{lang|ar|بيت الجوزاء}} ''{{transliteration|ar|Bait al-Jauzā'}}'' ("house of Orion") or {{lang|ar|بط الجوزاء}} ''{{transliteration|ar|Baţ al-Jauzā'}}'', incorrectly thought to mean "armpit of Orion" (a true translation of "armpit" would be {{lang|ar|ابط}}, transliterated as ''{{transliteration|ar|Ibţ}})''. This led to the modern rendering as ''Betelgeuse''.<ref name="Kunitzsch">{{cite book |last1=Kunitzsch|first1=Paul |last2=Smart|first2= Tim |year = 2006 |title = A Dictionary of Modern star Names: A Short Guide to 254 Star Names and Their Derivations |edition = 2nd rev. |publisher = [[Sky Publishing Corporation]] |location = [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]], [[Massachusetts|MA]] |isbn = 978-1-931559-44-7 |page = 45}}</ref> Other writers have since accepted Kunitzsch's explanation.<ref name="100greatest"/>

The last part of the name, "-elgeuse", comes from the Arabic {{lang|ar|الجوزاء}} ''{{transliteration|ar|al-Jauzā'}}'', a historical Arabic name of the constellation [[Orion (constellation)|Orion]], a feminine name in old [[Arabian legend]], and of uncertain meaning. Because {{lang|ar|جوز}} ''{{transliteration|ar|j-w-z}}'', the [[Root (linguistics)|root]] of ''{{transliteration|ar|jauzā'}}'', means "middle", ''{{transliteration|ar|al-Jauzā'}}'' roughly means "the Central One". The modern Arabic name for Orion is {{lang|ar|الجبار}} ''{{transliteration|ar|al-Jabbār}}'' ("the Giant"), although the use of {{lang|ar|الجوزاء}} ''{{transliteration|ar|al-Jauzā'}}'' in the star's name has continued.<ref name="Kunitzsch" /> The 17th-century English translator [[Edmund Chilmead]] gave it the name ''Ied Algeuze'' ("Orion's Hand"), from [[Jakob Christmann|Christmannus]].<ref name="allen" /> Other Arabic names recorded include {{lang|ar| اليد اليمنى}} ''{{transliteration|ar|Al Yad al Yamnā}}'' ("the Right Hand"), {{lang|ar|الذراع}} ''{{transliteration|ar|Al Dhira}}'' ("the Arm"), and {{lang|ar|المنكب}} ''{{transliteration|ar|Al Mankib}}'' ("the Shoulder"), all of al-Jauzā, Orion,<ref name="allen" /> as {{lang|ar|منكب الجوزاء}} ''{{transliteration|ar|Mankib al Jauzā'}}''.
[[File:Dunhuang Star Atlas - Orion.jpg|thumb|right|[[Dunhuang Star Chart]], ''circa'' AD 700, showing {{lang|zh|參宿四}} {{lang|zh-Latn|Shēnxiùsì}} (Betelgeuse), the Fourth Star of the constellation of Three Stars]]