Editing Bacteriophage (section)

== Host resistance ==
Bacteriophages are a major threat to bacteria and prokaryotes have evolved numerous mechanisms to block infection or to block the replication of bacteriophages within host cells. The [[CRISPR|CRISPR system]] is one such mechanism as are [[retron]]s and the anti-toxin system encoded by them.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bobonis J, Mitosch K, Mateus A, Karcher N, Kritikos G, Selkrig J, Zietek M, Monzon V, Pfalz B, Garcia-Santamarina S, Galardini M, Sueki A, Kobayashi C, Stein F, Bateman A, Zeller G, Savitski MM, Elfenbein JR, Andrews-Polymenis HL, Typas A | title = Bacterial retrons encode phage-defending tripartite toxin-antitoxin systems | journal = Nature | volume = 609 | issue = 7925 | pages = 144–150 | date = September 2022 | pmid = 35850148 | doi = 10.1038/s41586-022-05091-4 | s2cid = 250643138 | bibcode = 2022Natur.609..144B | pmc = 11938430 }}</ref> The Thoeris defense system is known to deploy a unique strategy for bacterial antiphage resistance via [[Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide|NAD+]] degradation.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ka D, Oh H, Park E, Kim JH, Bae E | title = Structural and functional evidence of bacterial antiphage protection by Thoeris defense system via NAD<sup>+</sup> degradation | journal = Nature Communications | volume = 11 | issue = 1 | page = 2816 | date = June 2020 | pmid = 32499527 | pmc = 7272460 | doi = 10.1038/s41467-020-16703-w | bibcode = 2020NatCo..11.2816K }}</ref>