Editing Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (section)

===Trauma===
ADHD, [[Psychological trauma|trauma]], and [[adverse childhood experiences]] are also comorbid,<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Schneider M, VanOrmer J, Zlomke K |date=2019 |title=Adverse Childhood Experiences and Family Resilience Among Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder |journal=[[Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics]] |volume=40 |issue=8 |pages=573–580 |doi=10.1097/DBP.0000000000000703 |pmid=31335581 |s2cid=198193637}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Moon DS, Bong SJ, Kim BN, Kang NR |date=January 2021 |title=Association between Maternal Adverse Childhood Experiences and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in the Offspring: The Mediating Role of Antepartum Health Risks |journal=Soa--Ch'ongsonyon Chongsin Uihak = Journal of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=28–34 |doi=10.5765/jkacap.200041 |pmc=7788667 |pmid=33424239}}</ref> which could in part be potentially explained by the similarity in presentation between different diagnoses. The symptoms of ADHD and [[Post-traumatic stress disorder|PTSD]] can have significant behavioural overlap—in particular, motor restlessness, difficulty concentrating, distractibility, irritability/anger, emotional constriction or dysregulation, poor impulse control, and forgetfulness are common in both.<ref name="Ford_2009">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ford JD, Connor DF |date=1 June 2009 |title=ADHD and post-traumatic stress disorder |journal=Current Attention Disorders Reports |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=60–66 |doi=10.1007/s12618-009-0009-0 |issn=1943-457X |s2cid=145508751}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Harrington KM, Miller MW, Wolf EJ, Reardon AF, Ryabchenko KA, Ofrat S |date=August 2012 |title=Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder comorbidity in a sample of veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder |journal=[[Comprehensive Psychiatry]] |volume=53 |issue=6 |pages=679–690 |doi=10.1016/j.comppsych.2011.12.001 |pmc=6519447 |pmid=22305866}}</ref> This could result in trauma-related disorders or ADHD being mis-identified as the other.<ref name="Szymanski_2011">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Szymanski K, Sapanski L, Conway F |date=1 January 2011 |title=Trauma and ADHD&nbsp;– Association or Diagnostic Confusion? A Clinical Perspective |journal=Journal of Infant, Child, and Adolescent Psychotherapy |location=Philadelphia PA |publisher=Taylor & Francis Group |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=51–59 |doi=10.1080/15289168.2011.575704 |issn=1528-9168 |eissn=1940-9214 |s2cid=144348893}}</ref> Additionally, traumatic events in childhood are a risk factor for ADHD;<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Zhang N, Gao M, Yu J, Zhang Q, Wang W, Zhou C, Liu L, Sun T, Liao X, Wang J |date=October 2022 |title=Understanding the association between adverse childhood experiences and subsequent attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies |journal=Brain and Behavior |volume=12 |issue=10 |pages=e32748 |doi=10.1002/brb3.2748 |pmc=9575611 |pmid=36068993}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Nguyen MN, Watanabe-Galloway S, Hill JL, Siahpush M, Tibbits MK, Wichman C |date=June 2019 |title=Ecological model of school engagement and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in school-aged children |journal=[[European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry]] |volume=28 |issue=6 |pages=795–805 |doi=10.1007/s00787-018-1248-3 |pmid=30390147 |s2cid=53263217}}</ref> they can lead to structural brain changes and the development of ADHD behaviours.<ref name="Szymanski_2011" /> Finally, the behavioural consequences of ADHD symptoms cause a higher chance of the individual experiencing trauma (and therefore ADHD leads to a concrete diagnosis of a trauma-related disorder).<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Miodus S, Allwood MA, Amoh N |date=5 January 2021 |title=Childhood ADHD Symptoms in Relation to Trauma Exposure and PTSD Symptoms Among College Students: Attending to and Accommodating Trauma |journal=[[Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders]] |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=187–196 |doi=10.1177/1063426620982624 |issn=1063-4266 |s2cid=234159064}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Is It ADHD or Trauma? |url=https://childmind.org/article/is-it-adhd-or-trauma/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240418002257/https://childmind.org/article/is-it-adhd-or-trauma/ |archive-date=18 April 2024 |access-date=18 April 2024 |website=Child Mind Institute}}</ref>