Editing Atlantic slave trade (section)

===South America===
[[File:Slaves working on a coffee plantation 02.jpg|thumb|Enslaved people working on a [[Coffee production in Brazil|coffee]] plantation in Brazil]]

The life expectancy for Brazil's slave plantation's for African descended slaves was around 23 years.<ref name="Skidmore">{{cite book |last=Skidmore |first=Thomas E. |url=https://archive.org/details/brazilfivecentur00skid |title=Brazil: Five Centuries of Change |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=1999 |isbn=0-19-505809-7 |location=New York |url-access=registration}}</ref>{{page needed|date=May 2022}} The trans-Atlantic slave trade into Brazil was outlawed in 1831. To replace the demand for slaves, slaveholders in Brazil turned to slave reproduction. Enslaved women were forced to give birth to eight or more enslaved children. Some slaveholders promised enslaved women their freedom if they gave birth to eight children. In 1873 in the village of [[Ceará|Santa Ana, province of Ceará]] an enslaved woman named Macária was promised her freedom after she gave birth to eight children. An enslaved woman Delfina killed her baby because she did not want her enslaver Manoel Bento da Costa to own her baby and enslave her child. Brazil practiced [[partus sequitur ventrem]] to increase the slave population through enslaved female reproduction, because in the 19th century, Brazil needed a large enslaved labor force to work on the sugar plantations in Bahia and the agricultural and mining industries of Minas Gerais, São Paulo, and Rio de Janeiro.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Santos |first1=Martha |title="Slave Mothers", Partus Sequitur Ventrem, and the Naturalization of Slave Reproduction in Nineteenth-Century Brazil |journal=Temp |date=2016 |volume=22 |issue=41 |pages=1–5 |url=https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/1670/167047720002.pdf |access-date=14 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518044226/https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/1670/167047720002.pdf |archive-date=18 May 2024}}</ref>

After the abolition of the Atlantic slave trade to Brazil, the inter-provincial trade increased which slaveholders forced and depended on enslaved women to give birth to as many children as possible to supply the demand for slaves. [[Abolitionism|Abolitionists]] in Brazil wanted to abolish slavery by removing partus sequitur ventrem because it was used to perpetuate slavery. For example, historian Martha Santos writes of the slave trade, female reproduction, and abolition in Brazil: "A proposal centered on the 'emancipation of the womb', authored by the influential jurist and politician Agostinho Marques Perdigão Malheiro, was officially endorsed by Pedro II as the most practical means to end slavery in a controlled and peaceful manner. This conservative proposal, a modified version of which became the 'free womb' law passed by Parliament in 1871, did provide for the freedom of children subsequently born of enslaved women, while it forced those children to serve their mothers' masters until age twenty-one, and deferred complete emancipation to a later date".<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Santos |first1=Martha |title="Slave Mothers", Partus Sequitur Ventrem, and the Naturalization of Slave Reproduction in Nineteenth-Century Brazil |journal=Temp |date=2016 |volume=22 |issue=41 |pages=1–5 |url=https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/1670/167047720002.pdf |access-date=14 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518044226/https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/1670/167047720002.pdf |archive-date=18 May 2024}}</ref>