Editing Antisemitism in Islam (section)

==Antisemitism in the Islamic Middle East==
{{Main|Antisemitism in the Arab world|Arab Jews|Jewish exodus from the Muslim world|Racism in the Arab world|Racism in Muslim communities|Xenophobia and racism in the Middle East}}
Antisemitism has increased in the Muslim world during modern times.<ref name="autogenerated2">[http://www.meforum.org/article/396 Muslim Anti-Semitism] by Bernard Lewis (''Middle East Quarterly'') June 1998</ref> While [[Bernard Lewis]] and Uri Avnery date the increase in antisemitism to the establishment of [[Israel]],<ref name="autogenerated2"/> M. Klein suggests that antisemitism could have been present in the mid-19th century.<ref name="autogenerated3">Avnery, Uri (1968). ''Israel without Zionists''. (New York: Macmillan). pg. 220</ref>

Scholars point to European influences, including those of the [[Nazis]] (see below), and the establishment of Israel as the root causes of antisemitism.<ref name="autogenerated2"/><ref name="autogenerated3" /> [[Norman Stillman]] explains that increased European commercial, missionary and imperialist activities during the 19th and 20th centuries brought antisemitic ideas to the Muslim world. Initially these prejudices only found a reception among [[Arab Christians]] because they were too foreign to gain any widespread acceptance among Muslims. However, with the rise of the [[Arab–Israeli conflict]], European antisemitism began to gain acceptance in modern literature.<ref name="Yahud"/>

===17th century===
One of the most prominent acts of Islamic [[antisemitism]] took place in [[Yemen]] between 1679 and 1680, in an event known as the [[Mawza Exile]]. During this event the Jews living in nearly all cities and towns throughout Yemen were banished by decree of the [[Imam of Yemen]], [[Al-Mahdi Ahmad]].<ref>See [[Mawza Exile]] wiki page</ref>

===19th century===
According to [[Mark R. Cohen|Mark Cohen]], Arab antisemitism in the modern world arose relatively recently, in the 19th century, against the backdrop of conflicting Jewish and Arab nationalisms, and it was primarily imported into the Arab world by nationalistically minded Christian Arabs (and only subsequently was it "Islamised").<ref>[[Mark R. Cohen|Mark Cohen]] (2002), p. 208</ref>
[[File:Execution of a Moroccan Jewess by Alfred Dehodencq.jpg|thumb|"Execution of a Moroccan Jewess ([[Sol Hachuel]])", painting by [[Alfred Dehodencq]]]]
The [[Damascus affair]] occurred in 1840, when an Italian monk and his servant disappeared in [[Damascus]]. Immediately following it, a charge of [[ritual murder]] was brought against a large number of Jews in the city. All of them were found guilty. The consuls of [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|Britain]], [[July Monarchy|France]] and [[Austrian Empire|Austria]] protested against the persecution to the Ottoman authorities, and Christians, Muslims and Jews all played a great role in this affair.<ref>Frankel, Jonathan: ''The Damascus Affair: 'Ritual Murder', Politics, and the Jews in 1840'' (Cambridge University Press, 1997) {{ISBN|0-521-48396-4}} p. 1</ref>

A massacre of Jews also occurred in [[Baghdad]] in 1828.<ref name=Morris10>[[Benny Morris|Morris, Benny]]. ''Righteous Victims: A History of the Zionist-Arab Conflict, 1881–2001''. Vintage Books, 2001, pp. 10–11.</ref> There was another massacre in [[Babol|Barfurush]] in 1867.<ref name=Morris10/>

In 1839, in the eastern [[Persia]]n city of [[Meshed]], a mob burst into the [[Jewish quarter (diaspora)|Jewish Quarter]], burned the synagogue, and destroyed the [[Sefer Torah|Torah scrolls]]. This is known as the [[Allahdad incident]]. It was only by forcible conversion that a massacre was averted.<ref name="Patai">{{cite book | last = Patai | first = Raphael | title = Jadid al-Islam: The Jewish "New Muslims" of Meshhed | publisher = Wayne State University Press | year= 1997 | location = Detroit | isbn = 978-0-8143-2652-7 }}</ref>

[[Benny Morris]] writes that one symbol of Jewish degradation was the phenomenon of stone-throwing at Jews by Muslim children. Morris quotes a 19th-century traveler: "I have seen a little fellow of six years old, with a troop of fat toddlers of only three and four, teaching [them] to throw stones at a Jew, and one little urchin would, with the greatest coolness, waddle up to the man and literally spit upon his Jewish [[gaberdine]]. To all this the Jew is obliged to submit; it would be more than his life was worth to offer to strike a Mahommedan."<ref name=Morris10/>

===20th century===
==== Origins ====
{{See also|Rashid Rida#On Zionism|Aftermath of World War I|Rashid Rida's World War Era Activities#Condemnation of the Post-War World Order|label 1=Anti-Zionist Campaign of Rashid Rida|label 3=Rashid Rida's Condemnation of Post-World War Order}}
The origins of modern antisemitic trends in the [[Muslim world|Islamic World]] can be traced back to the ideas of the [[Syrians|Syrian]]-[[Egyptians|Egyptian]] [[Salafi movement|Salafist]] theologian [[Rashid Rida|Muhammad Rashid Rida]] (1865–1935 CE), who turned highly antisemitic after the [[British Empire|British imperial]] designs on the [[Arab world|Arab World]] after [[World War I|World War 1]] and their co-operation with [[Zionism|Zionists]] to further British objectives. [[1988 Hamas charter|The 1988 Hamas Charter]], and particularly its Articles 7 and 22, represented a condensed version of the [[Pan-Islamism|pan-Islamist]] anti-Jewish ideas cultivated by Rashid Rida. Rida believed that the international Jewry [[Stab-in-the-back myth|contributed to Germany's defeat]] in the First World War; in exchange for [[Balfour Declaration|Britain's promise]] to grant them Palestine. Furthermore; he asserted that they controlled Western Banking System and Capitalist system, created [[Communism]] in [[Eastern Europe]] and led [[Freemasonry]] to plot against World Nations. He also drew from Islamic traditions that displayed hostility to Jews and popularised them; rendering the conflict with the Zionists an apocalyptic religious dimension. Rida would persistently cite ''[[hadith]]s'' regarding the [[Islamic eschatology|End Times]] Jewish-Muslim conflicts; some of which would be included in the future Charter of [[Hamas]], such as:<ref>{{Cite book|last=McHugo|first=John|title=A CONCISE HISTORY OF THE ARABS|publisher=The New Press|year=2013|isbn=978-1-59558-950-7|location=The New Press, 38 Greene Street, New York, NY 10013|pages=162–163}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Achcar|first=Gilbert|title=The Arabs and the Holocaust:The Arab-Israeli War of Narratives|publisher=Actes Sud|year=2010|isbn=978-0-86356-835-0|location=26 Westbourne Grove, London w2 5RH, UK|pages=208, 250}}</ref>
<blockquote>The Jews will fight you and you will be led to dominate them until the rock cries out: "O Muslim! There is a Jew hiding behind me, kill him!"</blockquote>Rashid Rida condemned the Jews for their arrogance towards the [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|Prophets]] and arraigned them for abandoning religious values for materialism, all which made them recipients of Divine Wrath; which led to their downfall. He asserted that [[Allah]] decreed Muslims to construct [[Al-Aqsa Mosque|Masjid al-Aqsa]] in the ruins of the [[Temple in Jerusalem]] and favoured Muslims to rule the [[Holy Land]]s by implementing ''[[Sharia|shari'a]]'' (Islamic law) and upholding ''[[Tawhid]]''. Rashid Rida's anti-Zionism was part of his wider campaign as a towering figure in the [[Pan-Islamism|Pan-Islamist]] movement and would immensely impact subsequent Islamist, Jihadist and anti-colonial activists.<ref name="Ryad 2022 1–18">{{Cite journal |last=Ryad |first=Umar |date=2022 |title=From the Dreyfus Affair to Zionism in Palestine: Rashid Riḍā's Views of Jews in Relation to the 'Christian' Colonial West |url=https://er.ceres.rub.de/index.php/ER/article/view/9762/9312 |journal=Entangled Religions |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=1–18 |doi=10.46586/er.11.2022.9762 |s2cid=251877486 |via=Ruhr Universitat Bochum|doi-access=free }}</ref> He also severely rebuked [[Christian Zionism|Christian Zionists]], writing:
{{Blockquote|text="It was astonishing that the intrigues of the Jews seduced many of the Christians of Europe and America by convincing them that believing in the Bible requires helping them to return to Palestine and the possession of Jerusalem … etc., as a confirmation to the prophets and a realization of the appearance of Jesus regarding whose person and deeds the two groups [Jewish and Christian] differed [in their interpretation]. The Jews refer to their Messiah as the earthly king who will come to restore the kingdom of Solomon, whereas the Christians refer to Jesus, son of Mary, who will return in His kingdom to judge the world."|title=Al-Manar 30/7 pg. 555|source=<ref name="Ryad 2022 1–18">{{Cite journal |last=Ryad |first=Umar |date=2022 |title=From the Dreyfus Affair to Zionism in Palestine: Rashid Riḍā's Views of Jews in Relation to the 'Christian' Colonial West |url=https://er.ceres.rub.de/index.php/ER/article/view/9762/9312 |journal=Entangled Religions |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=1–18 |doi=10.46586/er.11.2022.9762 |s2cid=251877486 |via=Ruhr Universitat Bochum|doi-access=free }}</ref>|character=Muhammad Rashid Rida}}

==== Early massacres ====
The massacres of Jews in Muslim countries continued into the 20th century. The Jewish quarter in Fez was almost destroyed by a Muslim mob in 1912.<ref name="Morris10" /> There were [[Nazism|Nazi]]-inspired pogroms in [[Algeria]] in the 1930s, and massive attacks on the Jews in [[Iraq]] and [[Libya]] in the 1940s (see [[Farhud]]). Pro-Nazi Muslims slaughtered dozens of Jews in Baghdad in 1941.<ref name="Morris10" />

American academic [[Bernard Lewis]] and others have charged that standard antisemitic themes have become commonplace in the publications of Arab Islamist movements such as [[Hezbollah]] and [[Hamas]], in the pronouncements of various agencies of the [[Islamic Republic of Iran]], and even in the newspapers and other publications of [[Refah Partisi]], the Turkish Islamic party whose head served as [[prime minister]] in 1996–97."<ref name="autogenerated2" /> Lewis has also written that the language of abuse is often quite strong, arguing that the conventional epithets for Jews and Christians are apes and pigs, respectively.<ref>Lewis (1984) pp. 33–34</ref>

On 1 March 1994, [[1994 Brooklyn Bridge shooting|Rashid Baz]], an American Muslim living in Brooklyn, New York, shot at a van carrying Hassidic Jewish students over the Brooklyn Bridge. The students were returning to Brooklyn after visiting their ailing leader, the Lubavitcher Rebbe, who suffered a stroke two years earlier. Ari Halberstam, one of the students, was killed. Others were wounded. Baz was quoted in his confession in 2007 as saying, "I only shot them because they were Jewish."

====Relations between Nazi Germany and Muslim countries====
{{Main|Relations between Nazi Germany and the Arab world}}
{{Further|Mein Kampf in Arabic|Nazi propaganda|Religious views of Adolf Hitler}}
[[File:Allepo1947.jpg|thumb|Burning synagogue in [[Aleppo]] in 1947]]

Some [[Arabs]] found common cause with [[Nazi Germany]] against colonial regimes in the [[Middle East]]. [[Relations between Nazi Germany and the Arab world|The influence of the Nazis grew in the Arab world during the 1930s]].<ref>Lewis (1999) p. 147</ref> [[Egypt]], [[Syria]], and [[Iran]] are claimed to have harbored Nazi war criminals, though they have rejected this charge.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.adl.org/holocaust/Denial_ME/hdme_genocide_denial.asp |title=Holocaust Denial in the Middle East: The Latest anti-Israel, Anti-Semitic Propaganda Theme|year=2001 |publisher=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070913104923/http://www.adl.org/holocaust/Denial_ME/hdme_genocide_denial.asp |archive-date=13 September 2007 }}</ref> With the recruiting help of the [[Grand Mufti of Jerusalem]], [[Amin al-Husseini]], the [[13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian)|13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS ''Handschar'']], mostly formed by Muslims in 1943, was the first non-Germanic [[Schutzstaffel|SS]] division.<ref>{{cite book|first=Jozo|last=Tomasevich|title=War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: Occupation and Collaboration|volume=2|publisher=Stanford University Press|year=2001 |location=San Francisco |isbn=978-0-8047-3615-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fqUSGevFe5MC |ref=Tomasevich_2001 | access-date= 24 December 2011 | page =496}}</ref>

=====Amin al-Husseini=====
{{Main|Amin al-Husseini}}
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1987-004-09A, Amin al Husseini und Adolf Hitler.jpg|230px|thumb|right|[[Amin al-Husseini]], Grand Mufti of Jerusalem and the chairman of the Supreme Islamic Council meeting with [[Adolf Hitler]] (December 1941)]]
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1978-070-04A, Amin al Husseini bei bosnischen SS-Freiwilligen.jpg|230px|thumb|right|November 1943: al-Husseini greeting [[Bosniaks#Yugoslavia and World War II|Bosnian Muslim]] [[Waffen-SS]] volunteers with a [[Nazi salute]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Fisk |first=Robert |author-link=Robert Fisk |year=2007 |orig-year=2005 |title=[[The Great War for Civilisation|The Great War for Civilisation: The Conquest of the Middle East]] |location=[[London]] |publisher=[[Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group]] |page=459 |isbn=978-0-307-42871-4 |oclc=84904295}}</ref> At left is SS General [[Karl-Gustav Sauberzweig]].]]
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101III-Mielke-036-23, Waffen-SS, 13. Gebirgs-Div. "Handschar".jpg|230px|thumb|right|[[Bosniaks#Yugoslavia and World War II|Bosnian Muslim]] soldiers of the [[13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian)|SS "Handschar"]] reading a [[Nazi propaganda]] book, ''Islam und Judentum'', in [[German occupation of France during World War II|Nazi-occupied Southern France]] ([[German Federal Archives|Bundesarchiv]], June 1943)]]

The [[Grand Mufti of Jerusalem]], [[Amin al-Husseini]], a pupil of [[Rashid Rida|Muhammad Rashid Rida]], attempted to create an alliance with [[Nazi Germany]] and [[Fascist Italy (1922–1943)|Fascist Italy]] in order to obstruct the [[Homeland for the Jewish people|creation of a Jewish homeland]] in [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]], and hinder any emigration by [[Jewish refugees from Nazi Germany|Jewish refugees]] from [[the Holocaust]] there. Historians debate to what extent al-Husseini's fierce opposition to [[Zionism]] was based on [[Arab nationalism]] or [[antisemitism]], or a combination of the two.<ref name="rouleau">[[Eric Rouleau]], ''[http://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/1994/08/ROULEAU/646 Qui était le mufti de Jérusalem ?] (Who was the Mufti of Jerusalem ?)'', [[Le Monde diplomatique]], August 1994.</ref>

On 31 March 1933, within weeks of [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]]'s [[Adolf Hitler's rise to power|rise to power in Germany]], al-Husseini sent a telegram to Berlin addressed to the German Consul-General in the [[Mandatory Palestine|British Mandate of Palestine]] saying that Muslims in Palestine and elsewhere looked forward to spreading their ideology in the Middle East. Al-Husseini secretly met the German Consul-General near the [[Dead Sea]] in 1933 and expressed his approval of the anti-Jewish boycott in Germany and asked him not to send any Jews to Palestine. Later that year, the Mufti's assistants approached Wolff,{{Who|date=August 2011}} seeking his help in establishing an Arab [[National Socialist]] party in Palestine. Reports reaching the foreign offices in Berlin showed high levels of Arab admiration of Hitler.<ref>Nicosia (2000), pp. 85–86.</ref>

Al-Husseini met the German Foreign Minister, [[Joachim von Ribbentrop]] on 20 November 1941, and was officially received by Hitler on 30 November 1941, in Berlin.<ref>Segev (2001), p. 463.</ref> He asked Hitler for a public declaration that "recognized and sympathized with the Arab struggles for independence and liberation, and that it would support the elimination of a national Jewish homeland", and he submitted to the German government a draft of such a declaration, containing the clause.<ref name="declaration">Lewis (1984), p. 190.</ref>

Al-Husseini aided the Axis cause in the Middle East by issuing a fatwa for a [[Jihad|holy war]] against Britain in May 1941. The Mufti's proclamation against Britain was declared in Iraq, where he was instrumental in the outbreak of the [[Anglo-Iraqi War|Anglo-Iraqi War of 1941]].<ref>Hirszowicz, pp. 82–83</ref> During the war, the Mufti repeatedly made requests to "the German government to bomb Tel Aviv".<ref>Lewis (1995), p. 351.</ref>

Al-Husseini was involved in the organization and recruitment of [[History of Bosnia and Herzegovina (1941–45)|Bosnian]] [[Bosniaks#Yugoslavia and World War II|Muslims]] into several divisions of the [[Waffen SS]] and other units.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10007255 |title=Hajj Amin Al-Husayni: The Mufti of Jerusalem |access-date=2007-10-19 |date=25 June 2007 |publisher=[[Holocaust Encyclopedia]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071018095955/http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10007255 |archive-date=18 October 2007 }}</ref> and also blessed sabotage teams trained by Germans before they were dispatched to [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]], [[Iraq]], and [[Emirate of Transjordan|Transjordan]].<ref>{{cite book |title=The Beast Reawakens|last=Lee |first=Martin A. |year=1999 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-415-92546-4 |page=123}}</ref>

=====Iraq=====
{{Main|History of the Jews in Iraq}}
In March 1940, General [[Rashid Ali]], a nationalist Iraqi officer forced the pro-British Iraqi [[Prime Minister of Iraq|Prime Minister]] [[Nuri Said Pasha]], to resign.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.csus.edu/indiv/s/scottjc/coup.htm |title=Iraqi Coup: The Coup |access-date=2007-10-19 |last=Scott |first=James C. |date=9 August 2001 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071024000835/http://www.csus.edu/indiv/s/scottjc/coup.htm |archive-date=24 October 2007 }}</ref> In May, he declared [[jihad]] against Great Britain, effectively issued a declaration of war. Forty days later, British troops had [[Anglo-Iraqi War|defeated his forces]] and occupied the country. The [[1941 Iraqi coup d'état]] occurred on 3 April 1941, when the regime of the Regent [['Abd al-Ilah]] was overthrown, and [[Rashid Ali]] was installed as Prime Minister.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.csus.edu/indiv/s/scottjc/introduction.htm |title=Iraqi Coup: Introduction |access-date=2007-10-18 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071024000840/http://www.csus.edu/indiv/s/scottjc/introduction.htm |archive-date=24 October 2007 }}</ref>

In 1941, following [[Rashid Ali]]'s pro-[[Axis Powers|Axis]] coup, riots known as the ''[[Farhud]]'' broke out in [[Baghdad]] in which approximately 180 Jews were killed and about 240 were wounded, 586 Jewish-owned businesses were looted and 99 Jewish houses were destroyed.<ref>Levin, Itamar (2001). ''Locked Doors: The Seizure of Jewish Property in Arab Countries''. (Praeger/Greenwood) {{ISBN|0-275-97134-1}}, p. 6.</ref>
[[File:Farhud mass grave.jpg|thumb|[[Mass grave]] of victims of the ''[[Farhud]]'', 1941]]
Iraq initially forbade the emigration of its Jews after the 1948 war on the grounds that allowing them to go to Israel would strengthen that state, but they were allowed to emigrate again after 1950, if they agreed to forgo their assets.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/anti-semitism/iraqijews.html |title=The Jews of Iraq |access-date=2007-10-17 |last=Bard |first=Michell |year=2007 |encyclopedia=[[Jewish Virtual Library]] }}</ref>{{better source needed|date=June 2022}}

===The Ottoman Empire, Turkey and Iraq===
{{Main|Armenian genocide|Assyrian genocide|Greek genocide|Hamidian massacres}}

====Forced migrations of Jews and Assyrian Christians between 1842 and the 21st century====
{{Further|Antisemitism in Turkey|Christianity in the Middle East|Christianity in the Ottoman Empire|Christianity in Turkey|Expulsions and exoduses of Jews|History of the Jews in the Ottoman Empire|History of the Jews in Turkey|Late Ottoman genocides|Jewish exodus from the Muslim world|Persecution of Christians|Persecution of Jews#Muslim world|Racism and discrimination in Turkey}}

In his recent PhD thesis<ref>Mordechai Zaken, "Tribal chieftains and their Jewish Subjects: A comparative Study in Survival": PhD Thesis, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 2004.</ref> and his recent book<ref>Mordechai Zaken, [https://books.google.com/books?id=DZ_bGJhOXxoC "Jewish Subjects and their tribal chieftains in Kurdistan: A Study in Survival"], Brill: Leiden and Boston, 2007 ISBN .</ref> the Israeli scholar Mordechai Zaken discussed the history of the [[Assyrian people|Assyrian Christians]] of Turkey and Iraq (in the Kurdish vicinity) during the last 90 years, from 1843 onwards. In his studies Zaken outlines three major eruptions that took place between 1843 and 1933 during which the Assyrian Christians lost their land and hegemony in their habitat in the Hakkārī (or Julamerk) region in southeastern Turkey and became refugees in other lands, notably Iran and Iraq, and they ultimately established exiled communities in European and western countries (the US, Canada, Australia, New-Zealand, Sweden, France, to mention some of these countries). Mordechai Zaken wrote this study from an analytical and comparative point of view, comparing the Assyrian Christians' experience with the experience of the [[History of the Jews in Kurdistan|Kurdish Jews]] who had been dwelling in [[Kurdistan]] for two thousand years or so, but were forced to emigrate to Israel in the early 1950s. The Jews of Kurdistan were forced to leave as a result of the Arab-Israeli war, as a result of increasing hostility and acts of violence which were committed against Jews in Iraqi and Kurdish towns and villages, and as a result of a new situation that developed during the 1940s in Iraq and Kurdistan in which the ability of Jews to live in relative comfort and tolerance (that was disrupted from time to time prior to that period) with their Arab and Muslim neighbors, as they had done for many years, practically came to an end. In the end, the Jews of Kurdistan had to leave their Kurdish habitat en masse and migrate into Israel. The Assyrian Christians, on the other hand, suffered a similar fate but they migrated in stages following each political crisis with the regime in whose boundaries they lived or following each conflict with their Muslim, Turkish, or Arab neighbors, or following the departure or expulsion of their patriarch Mar Shimon in 1933, first to Cyprus and then to the United States. Consequently, although there is still a small and fragile community of Assyrians in Iraq, today, millions of Assyrian Christians live in exiled and prosperous communities in the west.<ref>Joyce Blau, one of the world's leading scholars of [[Kurdish culture]], [[Kurdish languages|languages]] and [[History of the Kurds|history]], suggested, "This part of Mr. Zaken's thesis, concerning Jewish life in Iraqi Kurdistan, well complements the impressive work of the pioneer ethnologist Erich Brauer. Brauer was indeed one of the most skilled ethnographs of the first half of the 20th century and wrote an important book on the Jews of Kurdistan." (Erich Brauer, ''The Jews of Kurdistan'', first edition 1940, revised edition 1993, completed and edited by Raphael Patai, Wayne State University Press, Detroit)</ref>

=====Iran=====
{{Main|History of the Jews in Iran}}
{{Further|Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran}}
Although Iran was officially neutral during the Second World War, [[Reza Shah]] sympathized with Nazi Germany, making the Jewish community fearful of possible persecutions.<ref name="sanasarian2">Sanasarian (2000), p. 46.</ref> Although these fears did not materialise, anti-Jewish articles were published in the Iranian media. Following the [[Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran]] in 1941, [[Reza Shah]] was deposed and replaced by his son [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi]].

However, [[Kaveh Farrokh]] argues that there is a misconception that antisemitism was widespread in [[Iran]] with Reza Shah in power.<ref name=Farrokh>{{cite book|last=Farrokh|first=Kaveh|title=Iran at War|year=2011|publisher=Oxford: Osprey Publishing|isbn=978-1-84603-491-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dUHhTPdJ6yIC}}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> After the [[Fall of France]] during the time that [[Reza Shah]] was still regent, the head of the Iranian legation in [[Paris]], [[Abdol Hossein Sardari]], used his influence with Nazi contacts to gain exemptions from Nazi race laws for an estimated 2000 [[Iranian Jews]] living in Paris at the time. The legation also issued Iranian travel documents for the Iranian Jews and their non-Iranian family members to facilitate travel through Nazi occupied Europe to safety.<ref name=BBC_Iranian_Schindler>{{cite news|last=Wheeler|first=Brian|title=The 'Iranian Schindler' who saved Jews from the Nazis|year=2012|publisher=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-16190541}}</ref>

=====Egypt=====
{{Main|History of the Jews in Egypt}}
In [[Egypt]], [[Ahmad Husayn]] founded the [[Young Egypt Party (1933)|Young Egypt Party]] in 1933. He immediately expressed his sympathy for [[Nazi Germany]] to the German ambassador to Egypt. Husayn sent a delegation to the [[Nuremberg rally]] and returned with enthusiasm. After the [[Sudeten Crisis]], the party's leaders denounced Germany for aggression against small nations, but they retained elements which were similar to those of [[Nazism]] or [[Fascism]], e.g. salutes, torchlight parades, leader worship, and antisemitism and [[racism]]. The party's impact before 1939 was minimal, and its espionage efforts were of little value to the Germans.<ref>Lewis (1999) pp. 148–149.</ref>

During World War II, [[Cairo]] was a haven for agents and spies throughout the war. [[Egyptian nationalism|Egyptian nationalists]] were active, with many Egyptians, including [[Farouk of Egypt]] and prime minister [[Ali Mahir Pasha]], all of whom hoped for an Axis victory, and the complete severance of Egyptian ties with Britain.<ref>{{cite book |title=Encyclopedia of World War II: A Political, Social, and Military History |last=Tucker |first=Spencer |year=2005 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-57607-999-7 |page=477 }}</ref>

====Islamist and Jihadist groups====
{{Islamism sidebar}}
Antisemitism, alongside [[anti-Western sentiment]], [[Anti-Zionism|anti-Israeli sentiment]], [[Anti-democracy|rejection of democracy]], and [[Jewish conspiracy theory|conspiracy theories involving the Jews]], is widespread both within [[Islamism]] and [[Jihadism]].{{refn|<ref name="Fastenbauer 2020"/><ref name="CTC-Sentinel 2023">{{cite journal |author1-last=Atiyas-Lvovsky |author1-first=Lorena |author2-last=Azani |author2-first=Eitan |author3-last=Barak |author3-first=Michael |author4-last=Moghadam |author4-first=Assaf |date=20 September 2023 |url=https://ctc.westpoint.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/CTC-SENTINEL-092023.pdf |title=CTC-ICT Focus on Israel: In Word and Deed? Global Jihad and the Threat to Israel and the Jewish Community |url-status=live |editor1-last=Cruickshank |editor1-first=Paul |editor2-last=Hummel |editor2-first=Kristina |editor3-last=Morgan |editor3-first=Caroline |journal=[[CTC Sentinel]] |volume=16 |issue=9 |pages=1–12 |publisher=[[Combating Terrorism Center]] |location=[[West Point, New York]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230920143721/https://ctc.westpoint.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/CTC-SENTINEL-092023.pdf |archive-date=20 September 2023 |access-date=1 October 2023}}</ref><ref name="Jikeli 2015">{{cite book |last=Jikeli |first=Günther |year=2015 |chapter=Anti-Semitism within the Extreme Right and Islamists' Circles |editor1-last=Fireberg |editor1-first=Haim |editor2-last=Glöckner |editor2-first=Olaf |title=Being Jewish in 21st-Century Germany |location=[[Berlin]] and [[Boston]] |publisher=[[De Gruyter]] |series=Europäisch-jüdische Studien – Beiträge |volume=16 |pages=188–207 |doi=10.1515/9783110350159-013 |doi-access=free |isbn=9783110350159 |jstor=j.ctvbj7jwc.15 |jstor-access=free |s2cid=183381200}}</ref><ref name="Berridge 2018">{{cite book |author-last=Berridge |author-first=Willow J. |year=2018 |chapter=Islamism and the Instrumentalisation of Conspiracism |editor1-last=Asprem |editor1-first=Egil |editor2-last=Dyrendal |editor2-first=Asbjørn |editor3-last=Robertson |editor3-first=David G. |title=Handbook of Conspiracy Theory and Contemporary Religion |location=[[Leiden]] |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |series=Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion |volume=17 |doi=10.1163/9789004382022_015 |pages=303–320 |isbn=978-90-04-38150-6 |s2cid=201582498 |issn=1874-6691}}</ref><ref name="JCPA 2020">{{cite journal |last=Spoerl |first=Joseph S. |date=January 2020 |url=https://jcpa.org/article/parallels-between-nazi-and-islamist-anti-semitism/ |title=Parallels between Nazi and Islamist Anti-Semitism |journal=Jewish Political Studies Review |publisher=[[Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs]] |volume=31 |issue=1/2 |pages=210–244 |jstor=26870795 |issn=0792-335X |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609120031/https://jcpa.org/article/parallels-between-nazi-and-islamist-anti-semitism/ |archive-date=9 June 2020 |url-status=live |access-date=25 March 2021}}</ref>}} Many [[Islamic terrorism|militant Islamist]] and [[Jihadism|Jihadist]] individuals, groups, and organizations have openly expressed both antisemitic and anti-Zionist views.{{refn|<ref name="CTC-Sentinel 2023"/><ref name="Jikeli 2015"/><ref name="Berridge 2018"/><ref name="JCPA 2020"/>}} However, even outside Islamist circles, [[Conspiracy theories in the Arab world|anti-Jewish and anti-Zionist conspiracism]] are widespread phenomena in both the [[Arab world]] and the [[Middle East]],<ref name="Fastenbauer 2020"/><ref name="DePoli 2018">{{cite book |author-last=De Poli |author-first=Barbara |year=2018 |chapter=Anti-Jewish and Anti-Zionist Conspiracism in the Arab World: Historical and Political Roots |editor1-last=Asprem |editor1-first=Egil |editor2-last=Dyrendal |editor2-first=Asbjørn |editor3-last=Robertson |editor3-first=David G. |title=Handbook of Conspiracy Theory and Contemporary Religion |location=[[Leiden]] |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |series=Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion |volume=17 |doi=10.1163/9789004382022_016 |pages=321–342 |isbn=978-90-04-38150-6 |s2cid=158462967 |issn=1874-6691}}</ref> and it has seen an extraordinary proliferation since the beginning of the [[Information Age|Internet Era]].<ref name="DePoli 2018"/>

[[Lashkar-e-Toiba]]'s propaganda arm has declared that the Jews are the "Enemies of Islam", and it has also declared that Israel is the "Enemy of Pakistan".<ref>B. Raman {{cite web|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/businessline/2001/01/05/stories/040555ra.htm |title=Lashkar-e-Toiba: Spreading the jehad |access-date=2011-12-05 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071226011450/http://www.hinduonnet.com/businessline/2001/01/05/stories/040555ra.htm |archive-date=26 December 2007 }}. The Hindu (2001-01-05)</ref>

[[Hamas]] has widely been described as an [[Antisemitism|antisemitic]] organization. It has issued antisemitic leaflets, and its writings and manifestos rely upon antisemitic documents (the [[Protocols of the Elders of Zion]], and other works of European Christian literature), exhibiting antisemitic themes.<ref name=NAS>Antisemitic:
*[[David Aaronovitch|Aaronovitch, David]]. [http://observer.guardian.co.uk/islam/story/0,,982684,00.html "The New Anti-Semitism"], ''The Observer'', 22 June 2003.
*"Hamas refuses to recognize Israel, claims the whole of Palestine as an Islamic endowment, has issued virulently antisemitic leaflets, ..." Laurence F. Bove, Laura Duhan Kaplan, ''From the Eye of the Storm: Regional Conflicts and the Philosophy of Peace'', Rodopi Press, 1995, {{ISBN|90-5183-870-0}}, p. 217.
*"But of all the anti-Jewish screeds, it is the ''Protocols of the Elders of Zion'' that emboldens and empowers antisemites. While other antisemitic works may have a sharper intellectual base, it is the conspiratorial imagery of the ''Protocols'' that has fueled the imagination and hatred of Jews and Judaism, from the captains of industry like Henry Ford, to teenage Hamas homicide bombers." Mark Weitzman, Steven Leonard Jacobs, ''Dismantling the Big Lie: the Protocols of the Elders of Zion'', KTAV Publishing House, 2003, {{ISBN|0-88125-785-0}}, p. xi.
*"There is certainly very clear evidence of antisemitism in the writings and manifestos of organizations like Hamas and Hizbullah...." ''Human Rights Implications of the Resurgence of Racism and Anti-Semitism'', United States Congress, House Committee on Foreign Affairs, Subcommittee on International Security, International Organizations and Human Rights – 1993, p. 122.
*"The denomination of the Jews/Zionists by the Hamas organization is also heavily shaped by European Christian anti-Semitism. This prejudice began to infiltrate the Arab world, most notably in the circulation of the 1926 Arabic translation of the ''Protocols of the Elders of Zion''....&nbsp;Reliance upon the document is evidenced in the group's charter.... The ''Protocols of the Elders of Zion'' also informs Hamas's belief that Israel has hegemonic aspirations that extend beyond Palestinian land. As described in the charter, the counterfeit document identifies the Zionists' wish to expand their reign from the Nile River to the Euphrates." Michael P. Arena, Bruce A. Arrigo, ''The Terrorist Identity: Explaining the Terrorist Threat'', NYU Press, 2006, {{ISBN|0-8147-0716-5}}, pp. 133–134.
*"Standard anti-Semitic themes have become commonplace in the propaganda of Arab Islamic movements like Hizballah and Hamas...." Lewis (1999)</ref> In 1998, Esther Webman of the Project for the Study of Anti-Semitism at [[Tel Aviv University]] wrote that although the above is true, antisemitism was not the main tenet of Hamas ideology.<ref>{{cite web|title=Anti-semitic motifs in Hamas leaflets, 1987–1992 |url=http://www.ict.org.il/articles/articledet.cfm?articleid=51#motifs |publisher=[[The Institute for Counter-Terrorism]] |date=9 July 1998 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071209065350/http://ict.org.il/articles/articledet.cfm?articleid=51 |archive-date=9 December 2007 }}</ref>

In an editorial in ''[[The Guardian]]'' in January 2006, [[Khaled Meshaal]], the chief of Hamas's political bureau denied antisemitism, on Hamas' part, and he said that the nature of [[Israeli–Palestinian conflict]] was not religious but political. He also said that Hamas has "no problem with Jews who have not attacked us".<ref>{{cite news |title=We will not sell our people or principles for foreign aid |date=31 January 2006 |newspaper=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/jan/31/comment.israelandthepalestinians |location=London |first=Khalid |last=Mish'al |access-date=10 April 2014}}</ref>

The tone and casting of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict as part of an eternal struggle between Muslim and Jews by the [[1988 Hamas charter|Hamas Covenant]] had become an obstacle for the movement to be able to take part in diplomatic forums involving Western nations.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.smh.com.au/world/the-new-hamas-charter-explained-20170502-gvx10t.html|title=The new Hamas charter explained|author=Maher Mughrabi|newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald|date=2017-05-02}}</ref> The movement came under pressure to update its founding charter issued in 1988 which called for Israel's destruction and advocated violent means for achieving a Palestinian state.<ref name=CNNQiblawi>{{cite news|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2017/05/01/middleeast/hamas-charter-palestinian-israeli/|title=Hamas says it accepts '67 borders, but doesn't recognize Israel|publisher=CNN|author1=Tamara Qiblawi|author2= Angela Dewan|author3= Larry Register|date=1 May 2017|access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref> A new charter issued in May 2014 stated that the group does not seek war with the [[Jewish people]] but only against Zionism which it holds responsible for "occupation of Palestine",<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/may/01/hamas-new-charter-palestine-israel-1967-borders|title=Hamas presents new charter accepting a Palestine based on 1967 borders|newspaper=The Guardian|author=Patrick Wintour|date=2 May 2017|access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref> while terming Israel as the "Zionist enemy".<ref name=CNNQiblawi/> It also accepted a Palestinian state within the [[Green Line (Israel)|Green Line]] as transitional but also advocated "liberation of all of Palestine".<ref name=Mughrabi>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-palestinians-hamas-document-idUSKBN17X1N8|title=Hamas softens stance on Israel, drops Muslim Brotherhood link|work=Reuters|author1=Nidal al-Mughrabi|author2= Tom Finn|date=2 May 2017|access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/05/hamas-accepts-palestinian-state-1967-borders-170501114309725.html|title=Hamas accepts Palestinian state with 1967 borders|publisher=Al-Jazeera|date=2 May 2017|access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref>

[[Amal Saad-Ghorayeb]], a [[Shiite]] scholar and assistant professor at the [[Lebanese American University]] has written that [[Hezbollah]] is not [[anti-Zionist]], but rather [[anti-Jewish]]. She quoted [[Hassan Nasrallah]] as saying: "If we searched the entire world for a person more cowardly, despicable, weak and feeble in psyche, mind, ideology and religion, we would not find anyone like the Jew. Notice, I do not say the Israeli."<ref name=ASG>{{cite magazine |url =http://www.jeffreygoldberg.net/articles/tny/a_reporter_at_large_in_the_par.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070223074001/http://www.newyorker.com/fact/content/articles/021014fa_fact4 |archive-date=23 February 2007 |last=Goldberg |first= Jeffrey|title=In the Party of God: Are terrorists in Lebanon preparing for a larger war? |magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |date=14 October 2002 |access-date=2015-07-29}}</ref> Regarding the official public stance of Hezbollah as a whole, she said that while Hezbollah, "tries to mask its anti-Judaism for public-relations reasons ... a study of its language, spoken and written, reveals an underlying truth." In her book ''Hezbollah: Politics & Religion'', she argues that Hezbollah "believes that Jews, by the nature of Judaism, possess fatal character flaws". Saad-Ghorayeb also said, "Hezbollah's Quranic reading of Jewish history has led its leaders to believe that Jewish theology is evil."<ref name=ASG/>

===21st century===
France is home to [[Islam in France|Europe's largest population]] of [[Muslims]]—about 6 million—as well as the continent's largest community of Jews, about 600,000. Particularly during the beginning of the [[Al-Aqsa Intifada|second intifada]], Muslims attacked synagogues throughout France in solidarity with those in Palestine. Many Jews protested, and the acts were declared "Muslim antisemitism". By 2007, however, attacks were much less severe, and an "all-clear" was perceived.<ref>[http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/841445.html Jews for Le Pen] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090417090654/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/841445.html |date=17 April 2009 }} by Daniel Ben-Simon. ''Haaretz''. 25/03/07</ref> However, during the [[Gaza War (2008–09)|2008–2009 Gaza War]], tensions between the two communities increased and there were several dozen reported instances of Muslim violence such as arson and assaults. French Jewish leaders complained of "a diffuse kind of anti-Semitism becoming entrenched in the Muslim community" while Muslim leaders responded that the issues were "political rather than religious" and that Muslim anger is "not against Jews, it's against Israel".<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/20/world/europe/20iht-france.4.19529663.html?pagewanted=1&_r=2 Gaza conflict reverberates in France] by Katrin Bennhold, ''The New York Times'', 20 January 2009.</ref>

On 28 July 2006, at around 4:00&nbsp;p.m. [[Pacific Time]], the [[Seattle Jewish Federation shooting]] occurred when Naveed Afzal Haq shot six women, one fatally, at the Jewish Federation of Greater Seattle building in the [[Belltown, Seattle, Washington|Belltown]] neighborhood of [[Seattle, Washington]], United States. He shouted, "I'm a Muslim American; I'm angry at Israel" before he began his shooting spree. Police have classified the shooting as a [[hate crime]] based on what Haq said during a [[9-1-1]] call.<ref name="LATimes">Associated Press. [https://www.foxnews.com/story/1-killed-5-wounded-in-seattle-jewish-center-shooting "1 Killed, 5 Wounded in Seattle Jewish Center Shooting"], [[Fox News]], 29 July 2006.  [https://www.foxnews.com/story/0%2C2933%2C206172%2C00.html%3Dtrue]</ref>

In 2012, the Palestinian Authority [[Grand Mufti of Jerusalem]], [[Muhammad Ahmad Hussein]], citing [[Hadiths]], called for the killing of all Jews.<ref>[http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4179044,00.html PM: Probe Jerusalem mufti who encouraged killing of Jews – Israel News, Ynetnews]. Ynetnews.com (1995-06-20). Retrieved on 2012-06-01.</ref><ref>[http://www.cbn.com/cbnnews/insideisrael/2012/January/Palestinian-Authoritys-Grand-Mufti-Kill-the-Jews/ Palestinian Authority's Grand Mufti: 'Kill the Jews']. CBN.com (2012-01-18). Retrieved on 2012-06-01.</ref><ref>[http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Terrorism-+Obstacle+to+Peace/Palestinian_incitement/PA_Mufti_encourages_killing_Jews_9-Jan-2012.htm PA Mufti encourages killing of Jews 9-Jan-2012]. Mfa.gov.il. Retrieved on 2012-06-01.</ref>

In [[Egypt]], Dar al-Fadhilah published a translation of [[Henry Ford]]'s antisemitic treatise, [[The International Jew]], complete with distinctly antisemitic imagery on the cover.<ref>
[http://www.intelligence.org.il/eng/sib/4_04/as_egypt.htm Examples of anti-Semitism in the Arab and Muslim world] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070703175632/http://www.intelligence.org.il/eng/sib/4_04/as_egypt.htm |date=3 July 2007 }} on intelligence.org.il, site of the [[Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center]]
at the [[Center for Special Studies]] (C.S.S), Israel. Retrieved 24 September 2006.
</ref>

In 2014 the [[Anti-Defamation League]] published a global survey of worldwide antisemitic attitudes, reporting that in the Middle East, 74% of adults agreed with a majority of the survey's eleven antisemitic propositions, including that "Jews have too much power in international financial markets" and that "Jews are responsible for most of the world's wars."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/hating-the-jew-youve-never-met/|title=Hating the Jew you've never met|date=15 May 2014|work=The Times of Israel|access-date=1 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The ADL Global 100: An Index of Anti-Semitism |url=http://global100.adl.org/|publisher=Anti-Defamation League}}</ref>

==== Saudi school books ====
{{Main article| Saudi Arabian textbook controversy}}
A May 2006 study of [[Saudi Arabia]]'s revised schoolbook curriculum discovered that the eighth grade books included the following statements,<ref>[http://www.freedomhouse.org/uploads/special_report/48.pdf Saudi Arabia's Curriculum of Intolerance] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081001152022/http://www.freedomhouse.org/uploads/special_report/48.pdf |date=1 October 2008 }} (pdf), [[Freedom House]], May 2006, pp. 24–25.</ref>

{{Cquote|They are the people of the Sabbath, whose young people God turned into apes, and whose old people God turned into swine to punish them. As cited in [[Ibn Abbas]]: The apes are Jews, the keepers of the Sabbath; while the swine are the Christian infidels of the communion of Jesus.}}

{{Cquote|Some of the people of the Sabbath were punished by being turned into apes and swine. Some of them were made to worship the devil, and not God, through consecration, sacrifice, prayer, appeals for help, and other types of worship. Some of the Jews worship the devil. Likewise, some members of this nation worship devil, and not God.}}

Heads of American publishing houses have issued a statement asking the Saudi government to delete the "hate".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2012/10/17/saudi-textbooks-incite-hate-say-leaders-in-american-publishing.html |title=Saudi Textbooks Incite Hate, Say Leaders in American Publishing |date=17 October 2012 |work=The Daily Beast |access-date=10 April 2014}}</ref>

According to the [[Anti-Defamation League]]'s November 2018 report, Saudi government-published school textbooks for the 2018–19 academic year promoting incitement to hatred or violence against Jews.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/prince-mohammed-bin-salman-aims-rebrand-saudi-arabia-n817201|title=Prince Mohammed bin Salman Aims to Rebrand Saudi Arabia|access-date=6 November 2017|work=NBC News|date=6 November 2017 }}</ref> The Antisemitic material remains in the Saudi text books, as of November 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://forward.com/opinion/434169/saudi-arabias-children-are-learning-from-anti-semitic-textbooks/ |title=Saudi Arabia's Children Are Learning From Anti-Semitic Textbooks |author=Weinberg, David|date=4 November 2019|work=Forward|access-date=24 January 2020}}</ref>

====Reconciliation efforts====
{{Further|Muslim supporters of Israel}} 
In Western countries, some Islamic groups and individual Muslims have made efforts to reconcile with the Jewish community through dialogue and to oppose antisemitism. For instance, in Britain there is the group ''Muslims Against Anti-Semitism''.<ref>[http://www.ma-as.org.uk/ Muslims Against Anti-Semitism, Anti-Semitism in Europe, Islamophobia in Europe] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180902095645/http://www.ma-as.org.uk/ |date=2 September 2018 }}. Ma-as.org.uk. Retrieved on 2012-06-01.</ref><ref>See also, the position of the [http://www.freemuslims.org/issues/dont-blame-jews.php Free Muslims Coalition].</ref> Islamic studies scholar [[Tariq Ramadan]] has been outspoken against antisemitism, stating: "In the name of their faith and conscience, Muslims must take a clear position so that a pernicious atmosphere does not take hold in the Western countries. Nothing in Islam can legitimize xenophobia or the rejection of a human being due to his/her religious creed or ethnicity. One must say unequivocally, with force, that anti-Semitism is unacceptable and indefensible."<ref>For instance, see Ramadan's article in the [https://www.un.org/Pubs/chronicle/2004/issue4/0404p35.html UN Chronicle] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070524002635/http://www.un.org/Pubs/chronicle/2004/issue4/0404p35.html |date=24 May 2007 }} and coverage of his efforts by [http://news.haaretz.co.il/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=168205 Ha-artez]  {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040813071914/http://news.haaretz.co.il/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=168205 |date=13 August 2004 }}, an Israeli newspaper.</ref> [[Mohammad Khatami]], former president of Iran, declared antisemitism to be a "Western phenomena", having no precedents in Islam and stating the Muslims and Jews had lived harmoniously in the past. An Iranian newspaper stated that there has been hatred and hostility in history, but conceded that one must distinguish Jews from Zionists.<ref name="autogenerated2"/>

In North America, the [[Council on American-Islamic Relations]] has spoken against some antisemitic violence, such as the 2006 [[Seattle Jewish Federation shooting]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cair.com/AmericanMuslims/Interfaith.aspx |title=Interfaith |access-date=2007-10-17 |year=2007 |publisher=[[Council on American-Islamic Relations]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011175635/http://cair.com/AmericanMuslims/Interfaith.aspx |archive-date=11 October 2007 }}</ref> According to the [[Anti-Defamation League]], CAIR has also been affiliated with antisemitic organizations such as [[Hamas]] and [[Hezbollah]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.adl.org/Israel/cair.asp |title=Council on American-Islamic Relations (CAIR) |date=10 August 2007 |publisher=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080426053638/http://www.adl.org/Israel/cair.asp |archive-date=26 April 2008 }}</ref>

The Saudi mufti, Shaykh Abd al-Aziz Bin Baz, gave a fatwa ruling that negotiating peace with Israel is permissible, as is the cist to Jerusalem by Muslims. He specifically said:
{{cquote|The Prophet made absolute peace with the Jews of Medina when he went there as an immigrant. That did not entail any love for them or amiability with them. But the Prophet dealt with them, buying from them, talking to them, calling them to God and Islam. When he died, his shield was mortgaged to a Jew, for he had mortgaged it to buy food for his family.}}
Martin Kramer considers that as "an explicit endorsement of normal relations with Jews".<ref name =kramer />

====Trends====
According to [[Norman Stillman]], Antisemitism in the Muslim world increased greatly for more than two decades following 1948 but "peaked by the 1970s, and declined somewhat as the slow process of rapprochement between the Arab world and the state of Israel evolved in the 1980s and 1990s".<ref name="Yahud" /> Johannes J. G. Jansen believes that antisemitism will have no future in the Arab world in the long run. In his view, like other imports from the [[Western World]], antisemitism is unable to establish itself in the private lives of Muslims.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Jansen, Johannes, J. G. |title=Lewis' Semites and Anti-Semites|journal=The Jewish Quarterly Review|jstor=1454485 |volume=77|issue= 2/3 |year=1986 |pages=231–233|doi=10.2307/1454485}}</ref> In 2004 [[Khaleel Mohammed]] said, "Anti-Semitism has become an entrenched tenet of Muslim theology, taught to 95 per cent of the religion's adherents in the Islamic world," a claim immediately dismissed as false and racist by Muslim leaders, who accused Mohammed of destroying efforts at relationship building between Jews and Muslims.<ref>Bruemmer, Rene. "Muslim speaker denounced: He doesn't speak for Islam: leaders. U.S. scholar tells Montreal conference theologians teach anti-Semitism". ''[[The Gazette (Montreal)|The Gazette]]'', 16 March 2004, p. A8.</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0411/is_1-2_53/ai_n8967463 |title=Produce your proof: Muslim exegesis, the Hadith, and the Jews |first=Khaleel |last=Mohammed |journal=Judaism |publisher=[[American Jewish Congress]] |date=Winter–Spring 2004 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080622154857/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0411/is_1-2_53/ai_n8967463 |archive-date=22 June 2008 }}</ref> In 2010, Moshe Ma'oz, Professor Emeritus of Islamic and Middle Eastern Studies at The Hebrew University, edited a book questioning the common perception Islam is antisemitic or anti-Israel, and maintaining that most Arab regimes and most leading Muslim clerics have a pragmatic attitude to Israel.<ref>Moshe Ma'oz, ''Muslim Attitudes to Jews and Israel: The Ambivalences of Rejection, Antagonism, Tolerance and Cooperation'', Sussex University Press, 2010. According to Akiva Eldar [http://www.haaretz.com/news/features/the-more-germans-know-about-the-mideast-the-more-they-root-for-the-palestinians.premium-1.443938 'The more Germans know about the Mideast, the more they root for the Palestinians'] at [[Haaretz]], 26 June 2012, Ma'oz holds that 'most researchers of Islam agree that along with periods of oppression and persecution, the Jewish communities in the Islamic countries enjoyed long eras of coexistence and tolerance. Ma'oz stresses that most of the regimes in the Arab and Muslim world, and most leading Muslim clerics, have adapted pragmatic attitudes toward Israel and the Jews. He pointed out the close connection between the occupation in the territories, the dispute regarding the Jerusalem sites that are sacred to Islam and the strengthening of the anti-Semitic and anti-Israel tendencies in the Muslim world.'</ref>

According to professor [[Robert Wistrich]], director of the [[Vidal Sassoon International Center for the Study of Antisemitism]] (SICSA), the calls for the destruction of Israel by [[Iran]] or by [[Hamas]], [[Hezbollah]], [[Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine|Islamic Jihad]], or the [[Muslim Brotherhood]], represent a contemporary mode of genocidal antisemitism.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.timesofisrael.com/holocaust-remembrance-day-a-somber-anniversary/|title=Holocaust Remembrance Day — a somber anniversary}}</ref>

According to the [[Pew Global Attitudes Project]] released on 14 August 2005, high percentages of the populations of six Muslim-majority countries have negative views of Jews. To a questionnaire asking respondents to give their views of members of various religions along a spectrum from "very favorable" to "very unfavorable", 60% of [[Turkey|Turks]], 74% of Pakistanis, 76% of [[Indonesia]]ns, 88% of [[Morocco|Moroccans]], 99% of [[Lebanon|Lebanese]] Muslims and 100% of [[Jordan]]ians checked either "somewhat unfavorable" or "very unfavorable" for Jews.<ref>[http://pewglobal.org/reports/display.php?ReportID=248 PEW Global Attitudes Report] statistics on how the world views different religious groups</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Meg |last=Bortin |title=Poll Finds Discord Between the Muslim and Western Worlds |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/23/world/23pew.html?ei=5090&en=5b361ce4828f5847&ex=1308715200&adxnnl=1&partner=rssuserland&emc=rss&pagewanted=all&adxnnlx=1180479483-EJoZc0Poq7pWF1C9iBvPng |newspaper=The New York Times |date=23 June 2006 |access-date=2007-05-29 }}</ref>