Editing Antisemitism (section)

===Secular or racial antisemitism===
[[Image:Wagner Das Judenthum in der Musik 1869.jpg|thumb|Title page of the second edition of ''Das Judenthum in der Musik'', published in 1869]]
[[File:L Agitation-Antisemite.jpg|thumb|Antisemitic agitators in Paris burn an effigy of Mathieu Dreyfus during the [[Dreyfus affair]]]]

In 1850, the German composer [[Richard Wagner]] – who has been called "the inventor of modern antisemitism"<ref name="bismarck" /> – published {{lang|de|[[Das Judenthum in der Musik]]}} (roughly "Jewishness in Music")<ref name="bismarck">{{cite book |author-link=Jonathan Steinberg (historian) |last=Steinberg |first=Jonathan |date=2011 |title=Bismarck: A Life |location=New York: Oxford |pages=388–390 |isbn=978-0-19-997539-6}}</ref> under a [[pseudonym]] in the ''[[Neue Zeitschrift für Musik]]''. The essay began as an attack on Jewish composers, particularly Wagner's contemporaries, and rivals, [[Felix Mendelssohn]] and [[Giacomo Meyerbeer]], but expanded to accuse Jews of being a harmful and alien element in [[Culture of Germany|German culture]], who corrupted morals and were, in fact, parasites incapable of creating truly "German" art. The crux was the manipulation and control by the Jews of the money economy:<ref name="bismarck" />

{{blockquote|According to the present constitution of this world, the Jew in truth is already more than emancipated: he rules, and will rule, so long as Money remains the power before which all our doings and our dealings lose their force.<ref name="bismarck" />}}

Although originally published anonymously, when the essay was republished 19 years later, in 1869, the concept of the corrupting Jew had become so widely held that Wagner's name was affixed to it.<ref name="bismarck" />

Antisemitism can also be found in many of the [[Grimms' Fairy Tales]] by [[Jacob Grimm|Jacob]] and [[Wilhelm Grimm]], published from 1812 to 1857. It is mainly characterized by Jews being the [[villain]] of a story, such as in "The Good Bargain" ("{{lang|de|Der gute Handel}}") and "[[The Jew Among Thorns]]" ("{{lang|de|Der Jude im Dorn}}").

The middle 19th century saw continued official harassment of the Jews, especially in Eastern Europe under Czarist influence. For example, in 1846, 80 Jews approached the governor in Warsaw to retain the right to wear their traditional dress but were immediately rebuffed by having their hair and beards forcefully cut, at their own expense.<ref name=BDE>{{cite bklyn |title=The Despot of Russia... |image=50249029 |date=22 December 1846 |page=2}}</ref>

Even such influential figures as [[Walt Whitman]] tolerated bigotry toward the Jews in America. During his time as editor of the Brooklyn Eagle (1846–1848), the newspaper published historical sketches casting Jews in a bad light.<ref name=BDE-Whitman>{{cite bklyn |title=Anecdotes of Jews, and their peculiar traits |image=50243090 |page=2 |date=8 January 1847}}</ref>

The [[Dreyfus Affair]] was an infamous antisemitic event of the late 19th century and early 20th century. [[Alfred Dreyfus]], a Jewish artillery [[wikt:captain|captain]] in the [[French Army]], was accused in 1894 of passing secrets to the Germans. As a result of these charges, Dreyfus was convicted and sentenced to [[life imprisonment]] on [[Devil's Island]]. The actual spy, Marie Charles Esterhazy, was acquitted. The event caused great uproar among the French, with the public choosing sides on the issue of whether Dreyfus was actually guilty or not. [[Émile Zola]] accused the army of corrupting the French justice system. However, general consensus held that Dreyfus was guilty: 80% of the press in France condemned him. This attitude among the majority of the French population reveals the underlying antisemitism of the time period.<ref>Rapport, Michael. (2005) Nineteenth Century Europe. New York: [[Palgrave MacMillan]] {{ISBN|0333652460}}.</ref>

[[Adolf Stoecker]] (1835–1909), the [[Lutheran]] court chaplain to [[Kaiser Wilhelm I]], founded in 1878 an antisemitic, [[Liberalism|anti-liberal]] political party called the [[Christian Social Party (Germany)|Christian Social Party]].<ref>{{cite journal |first=Harold M. |last=Green |year=2003 |title=Adolf Stoecker: Portrait of a Demagogue |journal=[[Politics and Policy]] |volume=31 |doi=10.1111/j.1747-1346.2003.tb00889.x |issue=1 |pages=106–129}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |first=D. A. Jeremy |last=Telman |year=1995 |title=Adolf Stoecker: Anti-Semite with a Christian Mission |jstor=20101235 |journal=Jewish History |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=93–112 |doi=10.1007/BF01668991 |s2cid=162391831}}</ref> This party always remained small, and its support dwindled after Stoecker's death, with most of its members eventually joining larger conservative groups such as the [[German National People's Party]].

Some scholars view [[Karl Marx]]'s essay "[[On The Jewish Question]]" as antisemitic, and argue that he often used antisemitic epithets in his published and private writings.{{sfnp|Flannery|2004|p=168}}<ref name="Jacobs2005">{{cite book |chapter=Marx, Karl (1818–1883) |title=Antisemitism: A Historical Encyclopedia of Prejudice and Persecution |last=Jacobs |first=Jack |editor-last=Levy |editor-first=Richard S. |editor-link=Richard S. Levy |year=2005 |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |location=Santa Barbara, CA |isbn=978-1-85109-439-4 |pages=446–447}}</ref>{{sfnp|Lewis|1999|p=112}} These scholars argue that Marx equated Judaism with capitalism in his essay, helping to spread that idea. Some further argue that the essay influenced [[Nazism|National Socialist]], as well as Soviet and Arab antisemites.{{sfnp|Perry|Schweitzer|2005|pp=154–157}}<ref name="Stav2003">{{cite book |chapter=Israeli Anti-Semitism |title=Israel and the Post-Zionists: A Nation at Risk |last=Stav |first=Arieh |editor-last=Sharan |editor-first=Shlomo |year=2003 |publisher=[[Sussex Academic Press]] |location=Brighton |isbn=978-1-903900-52-9 |page=171 |quote=Hitler simply copied Marx's own anti-Semitism.}}</ref><ref name="Muravchik2003">According to Joshua Muravchik Marx's aspiration for "the emancipation of society from Judaism" because "the practical Jewish spirit" of "huckstering" had taken over the Christian nations is not that far from the Nazi program's twenty-four-point: "combat[ing] the Jewish-materialist spirit within us and without us" in order "that our nation can […] achieve permanent health." See {{cite book |title=Heaven on Earth: The Rise and Fall of Socialism |last=Muravchik |first=Joshua |author-link=Joshua Muravchik |year=2003 |publisher=[[Encounter Books]] |location=San Francisco |isbn=978-1-893554-45-0 |page=164}}</ref> Marx himself had Jewish ancestry, and [[Albert Lindemann]] and [[Hyam Maccoby]] have suggested that he was [[Self-hating Jew|embarrassed by it]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Lindemann |first=Albert S. |title=Modern Anti-Semitism and the Rise of the Jews |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |date=2000 |isbn=978-0-521-79538-8 |page=166}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Antisemitism and Modernity: Innovation and Continuity |last=Maccoby |first=Hyam |year=2006 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=London |isbn=978-0-415-31173-1 |pages=64–66}}</ref>

Others argue that Marx consistently supported Prussian Jewish communities' struggles to achieve equal political rights. These scholars argue that "On the Jewish Question" is a critique of Bruno Bauer's arguments that Jews must convert to Christianity before being emancipated, and is more generally a critique of liberal rights discourses and capitalism.{{sfnp|McLellan|1980|pp=141–142}}<ref>{{bulleted list|
|{{cite journal |first=Y. |last=Peled |title=From theology to sociology: Bruno Bauer and Karl Marx on the question of Jewish emancipation |journal=[[History of Political Thought]] |volume=13 |issue=3 |year=1992 |pages=463–485 |url=https://telaviv.academia.edu/YoavPeled/Papers/228344/From_Theology_to_Sociology_Bruno_Bauer_and_Karl_Marx_on_the_Question_of_Jewish_Emancipation |access-date=2 November 2017 |archive-date=20 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210220161924/https://www.academia.edu/280575/From_Theology_to_Sociology_Bruno_Bauer_and_Karl_Marx_on_the_Question_of_Jewish_Emancipation |url-status=live}}
|{{Cite book |last=Brown |first=Wendy |author-link=Wendy Brown (political scientist) |year=1995 |contribution=Rights and Identity in Late Modernity: Revisiting the 'Jewish Question' |editor1-last=Sarat |editor1-first=Austin |editor2-last=Kearns |editor2-first=Thomas |title=Identities, Politics, and Rights |publisher=[[University of Michigan Press]] |pages=85–130}}
|{{cite journal |first=Robert |last=Fine |title=Karl Marx and the Radical Critique of Anti-Semitism |journal=Engage |issue=2 |date=May 2006 |url=http://www.engageonline.org.uk/journal/index.php?journal_id=10&article_id=33 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224193202/http://www.engageonline.org.uk/journal/index.php?journal_id=10 |archive-date=24 February 2012}}
}}</ref> Iain Hampsher-Monk wrote that "This work [On The Jewish Question] has been cited as evidence for Marx's supposed anti-Semitism, but only the most superficial reading of it could sustain such an interpretation."<ref>{{cite book |first=Iain |last=Hampsher-Monk |title=A History of Modern Political Thought |date=1992 |publisher=[[Blackwell Publishing]] |page=496}}</ref>

David McLellan and [[Francis Wheen]] argue that readers should interpret ''On the Jewish Question'' in the deeper context of Marx's debates with [[Bruno Bauer]], author of ''[[The Jewish Question]]'', about [[Jewish emancipation]] in Germany. Wheen says that "Those critics, who see this as a foretaste of 'Mein Kampf', overlook one, essential point: in spite of the clumsy phraseology and crude stereotyping, the essay was actually written as a defense of the Jews. It was a retort to Bruno Bauer, who had argued that Jews should not be granted full civic rights and freedoms unless they were baptised as Christians".<ref>{{cite book |last=Wheen |first=Francis |author-link=Francis Wheen |title=Karl Marx |date=1999 |publisher=Fourth Estate |page=56}}</ref> According to McLellan, Marx used the word {{lang|de|Judentum}} colloquially, as meaning ''commerce'', arguing that Germans must be emancipated from the [[capitalist mode of production (Marxist theory)|capitalist mode of production]] not Judaism or Jews in particular. McLellan concludes that readers should interpret the essay's second half as "an extended pun at Bauer's expense".{{sfnp|McLellan|1980|p=142}}