Editing Antimicrobial resistance (section)

==== Country examples ====

===== Europe =====
In 1997, European Union health ministers voted to ban [[avoparcin]] and four additional antibiotics used to promote animal growth in 1999.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Casewell M, Friis C, Marco E, McMullin P, Phillips I | title = The European ban on growth-promoting antibiotics and emerging consequences for human and animal health | journal = The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy | volume = 52 | issue = 2 | pages = 159–61 | date = August 2003 | pmid = 12837737 | doi = 10.1093/jac/dkg313 | doi-access = free }}</ref> In 2006 a ban on the use of antibiotics in European feed, with the exception of two antibiotics in poultry feeds, became effective.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Castanon JI | title = History of the use of antibiotic as growth promoters in European poultry feeds | journal = Poultry Science | volume = 86 | issue = 11 | pages = 2466–71 | date = November 2007 | pmid = 17954599 | doi = 10.3382/ps.2007-00249 | doi-access = free }}{{subscription required}}</ref> In Scandinavia, there is evidence that the ban has led to a lower prevalence of antibiotic resistance in (nonhazardous) animal bacterial populations.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bengtsson B, Wierup M | title = Antimicrobial resistance in Scandinavia after ban of antimicrobial growth promoters | journal = Animal Biotechnology | volume = 17 | issue = 2 | pages = 147–56 | year = 2006 | pmid = 17127526 | doi = 10.1080/10495390600956920 | s2cid = 34602891 }}{{subscription required}}</ref> As of 2004, several European countries established a decline of antimicrobial resistance in humans through limiting the use of antimicrobials in agriculture and food industries without jeopardizing animal health or economic cost.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Angulo FJ, Baker NL, Olsen SJ, Anderson A, Barrett TJ | title = Antimicrobial use in agriculture: controlling the transfer of antimicrobial resistance to humans | journal = Seminars in Pediatric Infectious Diseases | volume = 15 | issue = 2 | pages = 78–85 | date = April 2004 | pmid = 15185190 | doi = 10.1053/j.spid.2004.01.010 }}</ref>

===== United States =====

The [[United States Department of Agriculture]] (USDA) and the [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) collect data on antibiotic use in humans and in a more limited fashion in animals.<ref name="gao">{{cite web|url=http://www.gao.gov/assets/330/323097.html|title=GAO-11-801, Antibiotic Resistance: Agencies Have Made Limited Progress Addressing Antibiotic Use in Animals|publisher=gao.gov|access-date=25 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105120254/http://www.gao.gov/assets/330/323097.html|archive-date=5 November 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> About 80% of antibiotic use in the U.S. is for agriculture purposes, and about 70% of these are medically important.<ref name="CA" /> This gives reason for concern about the antibiotic resistance crisis in the U.S. and more reason to monitor it. The FDA first determined in 1977 that there is evidence of emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains in livestock. The long-established practice of permitting OTC sales of antibiotics (including penicillin and other drugs) to lay animal owners for administration to their own animals nonetheless continued in all states.
In 2000, the FDA announced their intention to revoke approval of [[fluoroquinolone]] use in poultry production because of substantial evidence linking it to the emergence of fluoroquinolone-resistant ''[[Campylobacter]]'' infections in humans. Legal challenges from the food animal and pharmaceutical industries delayed the final decision to do so until 2006.<ref name="Nelson-2007">{{cite journal | vauthors = Nelson JM, Chiller TM, Powers JH, Angulo FJ | title = Fluoroquinolone-resistant Campylobacter species and the withdrawal of fluoroquinolones from use in poultry: a public health success story | journal = Clinical Infectious Diseases | volume = 44 | issue = 7 | pages = 977–80 | date = April 2007 | pmid = 17342653 | doi = 10.1086/512369 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Fluroquinolones have been banned from extra-label use in food animals in the USA since 2007.<ref>{{cite journal |date=2022-04-29 |title=Extralabel Use and Antimicrobials |url=https://www.fda.gov/animal-veterinary/antimicrobial-resistance/extralabel-use-and-antimicrobials |journal=FDA|access-date=19 April 2023 |archive-date=19 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419181246/https://www.fda.gov/animal-veterinary/antimicrobial-resistance/extralabel-use-and-antimicrobials |url-status=live }}</ref> However, they remain widely used in companion and exotic animals.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Pallo-Zimmerman LM, Byron JK, Graves TK | title = Fluoroquinolones: then and now | journal = Compendium | volume = 32 | issue = 7 | pages = E1-9; quiz E9 | date = July 2010 | pmid = 20957609 | url = https://vetfolio-vetstreet.s3.amazonaws.com/1a/a3a710678c11e0a3340050568d17ce/file/PV0710_zimmerman_CE.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2023 | archive-date = 21 June 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230621165809/https://vetfolio-vetstreet.s3.amazonaws.com/1a/a3a710678c11e0a3340050568d17ce/file/PV0710_zimmerman_CE.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref>