Editing 1990s (section)

===Science===
[[File:Dollyscotland (crop).jpg|thumb|[[Dolly (sheep)|Dolly the sheep]] is the first mammal to be [[cloned]] from an adult [[somatic cell]].]]
[[File:Hubble Space Telescope (27946391011).jpg|thumb|[[Hubble Space Telescope]].]]
*Physicists develop [[M-theory]].
*Detection of [[extrasolar planet]]s orbiting [[star]]s other than the Sun.
*In the United Kingdom, the first [[cloning|cloned]] mammal, [[Dolly (sheep)|Dolly the sheep]] was confirmed by the [[Roslin Institute]], and was reported by global media on 26 February 1997. Dolly would trigger a raging controversy on cloning, and [[bioethics|bioethical]] concerns regarding possible human cloning continue to this day.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/dolly-at-20-the-inside-story-on-the-world-s-most-famous-sheep/|title=Dolly at 20: The Inside Story on the World's Most Famous Sheep|last=Callaway|first=Ewen|work=[[Scientific American]]|publisher=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]|date=30 June 2016|access-date=10 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191230125710/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/dolly-at-20-the-inside-story-on-the-world-s-most-famous-sheep/|archive-date=30 December 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
*The NIH launched the [[Human Genome Project]] in 1990 under the leadership of [[Francis Collins]], with the goal of sequencing the entire human genome.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shampo |first=Marc A. |last2=Kyle |first2=Robert A. |date=2010-09-01 |title=Francis S. Collins—Human Genome Project |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0025619611602243 |journal=Mayo Clinic Proceedings |language=English |volume=85 |issue=9 |pages=e66–e67 |doi=10.4065/mcp.2010.0495 |issn=0025-6196 |pmc=2931629 |pmid=20836248}}</ref> In the same year, [[Mary-Claire King|Mary-Claire King's]] discovery of the link between heritable breast cancers and a gene found on chromosome 17q21 sparked a wave of collaborative research.<ref name=":2">Kevin Davies, and Michael White. Breakthrough: The Race to Find the Breast Cancer Gene. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1996. [https://www.amazon.com/Breakthrough-Race-Find-Breast-Cancer/dp/0471120251 978-0471120254]</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hurst |first=Jillian H. |date=2014-10-01 |title=Pioneering geneticist Mary-Claire King receives the 2014 Lasker~Koshland Special Achievement Award in Medical Science |url=https://www.jci.org/articles/view/78507 |journal=The Journal of Clinical Investigation |language=en |volume=124 |issue=10 |pages=4148–4151 |doi=10.1172/JCI78507 |issn=0021-9738 |pmc=4191015 |pmid=25196046}}</ref> Inspired by this breakthrough, scientists [[Mark Skolnick]] and [[Walter Gilbert]], in partnership with entrepreneur [[Kevin Kimberlin]], joined forces to establish [[Myriad Genetics]], a company dedicated to sequencing the BRCA1 gene.<ref name=":2" /> In 1991, Skolnick and his team of scientists developed a gene mapping method, [[Restriction fragment length polymorphism|Restriction Fragment-length Polymorphisms]] (RFLP), to help locate the cancer gene.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cook-Deegan |first=Robert |title=The gene wars: science, politics, and the human genome |date=1995 |publisher=Norton |isbn=978-0-393-31399-4 |edition=1. publ. as a Norton paperback |location=New York NY}}</ref> The company later introduced the first commercial genetic test for assessing the risk of hereditary breast and ovarian cancer, the BRACAnalysis.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lynch |first=Julie A. |last2=Venne |first2=Vickie |last3=Berse |first3=Brygida |date=2015-05-01 |title=Genetic Tests to Identify Risk for Breast Cancer |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0749208115000236 |journal=Seminars in Oncology Nursing |series=Breast Cancer |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=100–107 |doi=10.1016/j.soncn.2015.02.007 |issn=0749-2081 |pmc=4998965 |pmid=25951739}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Antoniou |first=A. |last2=Pharoah |first2=P. D. P. |last3=Narod |first3=S. |last4=Risch |first4=H. A. |last5=Eyfjord |first5=J. E. |last6=Hopper |first6=J. L. |last7=Loman |first7=N. |last8=Olsson |first8=H. |last9=Johannsson |first9=O. |last10=Borg |first10=Å. |last11=Pasini |first11=B. |last12=Radice |first12=P. |last13=Manoukian |first13=S. |last14=Eccles |first14=D. M. |last15=Tang |first15=N. |date=2003-05-01 |title=Average Risks of Breast and Ovarian Cancer Associated with BRCA1 or BRCA2 Mutations Detected in Case Series Unselected for Family History: A Combined Analysis of 22 Studies |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0002929707606405 |journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=72 |issue=5 |pages=1117–1130 |doi=10.1086/375033 |issn=0002-9297|pmc=1180265 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dominguez |first=Francisco J. |last2=Jones |first2=Julie L. |last3=Zabicki |first3=Katherina |last4=Smith |first4=Barbara L. |last5=Gadd |first5=Michele A. |last6=Specht |first6=Michele |last7=Kopans |first7=Daniel B. |last8=Moore |first8=Richard H. |last9=Michaelson |first9=James S. |last10=Hughes |first10=Kevin S. |date=2005 |title=Prevalence of hereditary breast/ovarian carcinoma risk in patients with a personal history of breast or ovarian carcinoma in a mammography population |url=https://acsjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cncr.21393 |journal=Cancer |language=en |volume=104 |issue=9 |pages=1849–1853 |doi=10.1002/cncr.21393 |issn=1097-0142}}</ref> The Human Genome Project was partially completed in 2003 with a 92% accuracy. It was not until 2022 that the final complete human genome sequence was published.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-11 |title=First complete sequence of a human genome |url=https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/first-complete-sequence-human-genome |access-date=2025-01-08 |website=National Institutes of Health (NIH) |language=EN}}</ref>
*[[DNA]] identification of individuals finds wide application in [[criminal law]]. Brazil, United States, United Kingdom, Russia and The Netherlands established their own national [[DNA database]].
*[[Hubble Space Telescope]] was launched in 1990 and revolutionized [[astronomy]]. Unfortunately, a flaw in its main mirror caused it to produce fuzzy, distorted images. This was corrected by a [[Space Shuttle]] repair mission in 1993.
*[[Protease inhibitor (pharmacology)|Protease inhibitors]] introduced, allowing [[antiretroviral drug|HAART]] therapy against HIV; drastically reduces AIDS mortality.
*[[NASA]]'s spacecraft [[Mars Pathfinder|Pathfinder]] lands on [[Mars]] and deploys a small roving vehicle, ''[[Mars Pathfinder|Sojourner]]'', which analyzes the planet's geology and atmosphere.
*The [[Comet Hale–Bopp|Hale–Bopp]] comet swings past the Sun for the first time in 4,200 years in April 1997.
*Development of [[biodegradation|biodegradable products]], replacing products made from [[Polystyrene|polystyrene foam]]; advances in methods for [[recycling]] of waste products (such as paper, glass, and aluminum).
*[[Genetically modified food|Genetically engineered crops]] are developed for commercial use.
*Discovery of [[dark matter]], [[dark energy]], [[brown dwarf]]s, and first confirmation of [[black hole]]s.
*The ''[[Galileo (spacecraft)|Galileo]]'' probe orbits [[Jupiter]], studying the planet and its moons extensively.
*[[Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9]] (formally designated D/1993 F2, nicknamed String of Pearls for its appearance) was a comet that broke apart and collided with Jupiter in July 1994, providing the first direct observation of an extraterrestrial collision of Solar System objects.
*The [[Global Positioning System]] (GPS) becomes fully operational.
*Proof of [[Fermat's Last Theorem]] is discovered by [[Andrew Wiles]].
*Construction started in 1998 on the [[International Space Station]].