Editing 1820s (section)

=== North America ===
==== British North America ====
* [[July 8]], [[1822]] &ndash; The [[Chippewas]] turn over huge tract of land in [[Ontario]] to the United Kingdom.
* [[November 30]], 1824 &ndash; The first sod is turned in [[Ontario]], for the first of four [[Welland Canal]]s (the canal opens for a trial run exactly 5 years later to the day).

==== United States ====
[[File:1823 Melish Map of the United States of America - Geographicus - USA-melish-1822.jpg|thumb|right|[[John Melish]] map of the United States circa 1822]]
At the beginning of the 1820s, the United States stretched from the Atlantic Ocean through to (roughly) the western edge of the Mississippi basin, though Florida, Michigan, Wisconsin and all present-day states fully west of the Mississippi had yet to be granted statehood.  Two states were admitted to the union during this decade: [[Maine]] in 1820 and [[Missouri]] in 1821.  The [[Adams–Onís Treaty]], signed in 1819 and ratified by Spain in 1821, ceded Florida to the United States, and established a boundary between [[New Spain]] and the United States.

Slavery was widespread throughout the southern United States.  According to the [[1820 United States census|1820 U.S. Census]], the slave population at that time was 1,538,000.<ref name="Historic US Census data">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/censusdata/hiscendata.html|title=Selected Historical Decennial Census Population and Housing Counts|author=Population Division|publisher=US Census}}</ref>  The [[Missouri Compromise]] of 1820 prohibited slavery in the former [[Louisiana Territory]] north of the [[parallel 36°30′ north]] except within the boundaries of the proposed state of [[Missouri]].  By the [[1830 United States census|1830 U.S. Census]], the slave population had risen to 2,009,043.<ref name="Historic US Census data"/>  With the coordination of the [[American Colonization Society]], many freed African-Americans repatriated to Africa during this decade to the newly formed colony of [[Liberia]].

The political mood at the start of the 1820s was referred to as the [[Era of Good Feelings]], following the collapse of the [[Federalist]] party. [[James Monroe]], the sitting U.S. president since 1817, was [[U.S. presidential election, 1820|re-elected in 1820]], virtually unopposed.  In 1823, Monroe introduced the [[Monroe Doctrine]] in the [[State of the Union Address]], declaring that any European attempts to recolonize the Americas would be considered a hostile act towards the United States.

The feeling of unity during the Monroe administration was dispelled in [[U.S. presidential election, 1824|the presidential election of 1824]], which due to an Electoral College stalemate, was decided in the [[United States House of Representatives]]. [[John Quincy Adams]] was chosen as the sixth U.S. president, despite receiving only 30.9% of the popular vote to Andrew Jackson's 41.3%.  This gave rise to [[Jacksonian Democracy|Jacksonian Nationalism]] and the rise of the modern [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]],<ref>Brown, 1966, p. 22</ref> with [[Andrew Jackson]] elected in [[1828 United States presidential election|the 1828 election]].

==== Mexico ====
{{Main|Mexican War of Independence|First Mexican Empire|United Mexican States (1824–1864)}}

After ten years of civil war in Mexico (then called the "[[New Spain|Viceroyalty of New Spain]]") and the death of two of its founders, by early 1820 the Mexican independence movement was stalemated and close to collapse.  However, the [[Army of the Three Guarantees]] was formed under the command of Colonel [[Agustín de Iturbide]] with the support of patriots and loyalists to secure independence for Mexico and the protection of Roman Catholicism.  Iturbide's army was joined by rebel forces from all over Mexico, and quickly gained control of Mexico. On August 24, 1821, representatives of the Spanish crown and Iturbide signed the [[Treaty of Córdoba]], which recognized the [[First Mexican Empire|Mexican Empire]] under the terms of the [[Plan of Iguala]].

On September 27 the Army of the Three Guarantees entered Mexico City, and the following day Iturbide proclaimed the independence of the Mexican Empire.  The newly formed Mexican congress eventually declared Iturbide emperor of Mexico on May 19, 1822.  Later that year, Iturbide dissolved Congress and replaced it with a sympathetic junta.  However, on [[March 19]], 1823 Iturbide abdicated.

The [[United Mexican States (1824–1864)|First Federal Republic]] was established on October 4, 1824. In the new constitution, the republic took the name of [[Mexico|United Mexican States]], and was defined as a representative [[federal republic]], with [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholicism]] as the [[Confessional state|official and unique religion]].<ref name="const.1824">{{Cite web|url=http://tarlton.law.utexas.edu/constitutions/text/1824index.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120318225631/http://tarlton.law.utexas.edu/constitutions/text/1824index.html|url-status=dead|title=Federal Constitution of the United Mexican States (1824)|archivedate=March 18, 2012}}</ref>
[[Guadalupe Victoria]] was the first President of Mexico from 1824 until 1829.

After [[Manuel Gómez Pedraza]] won the election to succeed Victoria, [[Vicente Guerrero]] staged a [[coup d'état]] and took the presidency on April 1, 1829.<ref name="The Majestic Life of President Vicente Ramon Guerrero">{{cite web|last=Katz|first=William Loren|title=The Majestic Life of President Vicente Ramon Guerrero |url=http://www.cwo.com/~lucumi/guerrero.html|publisher=William Loren Katz|access-date=6 June 2010}}</ref>  Guerrero was deposed in a rebellion under Vice-president [[Anastasio Bustamante]] in December 1829.