Editing Xenon (section)

==== Neuroprotectant ====
Xenon induces robust [[cardioprotection]] and [[neuroprotection]] through a variety of mechanisms. Through its influence on Ca<sup>2+</sup>, K<sup>+</sup>, [[ATP-sensitive potassium channel|KATP]]\HIF, and NMDA antagonism, xenon is neuroprotective when administered before, during and after [[Ischemia|ischemic]] insults.<ref>{{cite journal
| title      = Xenon Attenuates Cerebral Damage after Ischemia in Pigs
| date       = May 2005
| volume     = 102
| issue      = 5
| pages      = 929–36
| doi        = 10.1097/00000542-200505000-00011
| pmid       = 15851879
| journal    = Anesthesiology
| last1      = Schmidt
| first1     = Michael
| last2      = Marx
| first2     = Thomas
| last3      = Glöggl
| first3     = Egon
| last4      = Reinelt
| first4     = Helmut
| last5      = Schirmer
| first5     = Uwe
| s2cid      = 25266308
| doi-access = free
}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal
| title      = Xenon Provides Short-Term Neuroprotection in Neonatal Rats When Administered After Hypoxia-Ischemia
| journal    = Stroke
| pmid       = 16373643
| doi        = 10.1161/01.STR.0000198867.31134.ac
| year       = 2006
| last1      = Dingley
| first1     = J.
| last2      = Tooley
| first2     = J.
| last3      = Porter
| first3     = H.
| last4      = Thoresen
| first4     = M.
| volume     = 37
| issue      = 2
| pages      = 501–6
| url        = http://www.reanimatology.com/rmt/article/view/1340
| doi-access = free
}}</ref> Xenon is a high affinity antagonist at the NMDA receptor glycine site.<ref name="nmda" /> Xenon is cardioprotective in ischemia-reperfusion conditions by inducing [[Pharmacology|pharmacologic]] non-ischemic preconditioning. Xenon is cardioprotective by activating PKC-epsilon and downstream p38-MAPK.<ref>{{cite journal
| title   = The noble gas xenon induces pharmacological preconditioning in the rat heart in vivo via induction of PKC-epsilon and p38 MAPK
| journal = Br J Pharmacol
| pmid    = 15644876
| year    = 2005
| last1   = Weber
| first1  = N. C.
| last2   = Toma
| first2  = O.
| last3   = Wolter
| first3  = J. I.
| last4   = Obal
| first4  = D.
| last5   = Müllenheim
| first5  = J.
| last6   = Preckel
| first6  = B.
| last7   = Schlack
| first7  = W.
| volume  = 144
| issue   = 1
| pages   = 123–32
| doi     = 10.1038/sj.bjp.0706063
| pmc     = 1575984
}}</ref> Xenon mimics neuronal ischemic preconditioning by activating ATP sensitive potassium channels.<ref>{{cite journal
| title   = Neuronal preconditioning by inhalational anesthetics: evidence for the role of plasmalemmal adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium channels
| journal = Anesthesiology
| pmid    = 19352153
| year    = 2009
| last1   = Bantel
| first1  = C.
| last2   = Maze
| first2  = M.
| last3   = Trapp
| first3  = S.
| volume  = 110
| issue   = 5
| pages   = 986–95
| doi     = 10.1097/ALN.0b013e31819dadc7
| pmc     = 2930813
}}</ref> Xenon allosterically reduces ATP mediated channel activation inhibition independently of the sulfonylurea receptor1 subunit, increasing KATP open-channel time and frequency.<ref>{{cite journal
| title   = Noble gas xenon is a novel adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium channel opener
| journal = Anesthesiology
| pmid    = 20179498
| year    = 2010
| last1   = Bantel
| first1  = C.
| last2   = Maze
| first2  = M.
| last3   = Trapp
| first3  = S.
| volume  = 112
| issue   = 3
| pages   = 623–30
| doi     = 10.1097/ALN.0b013e3181cf894a
| pmc     = 2935677
}}</ref>