Editing Vulgate (section)

==== Sixtine and Clementine Vulgates ====
{{Main|Canon of Trent|Sixtine Vulgate|Sixto-Clementine Vulgate}}
[[File:Frontispiece of the Sixtine Vulgate 3.png|alt=|thumb|Frontispiece of the original Sixtine Vulgate|276x276px]]
[[File:Frontispiece of the Sixto-Clementine Vulgate (1592).jpg|thumb|Frontispiece of the original 1592 Sixto-Clementine Vulgate|278x278px]]
After the [[Protestant Reformation|Reformation]], when the Catholic Church [[Counter-Reformation|strove to counter Protestantism]] and refute its doctrines, the Vulgate was declared at the Council of Trent to "be, in public lectures, disputations, sermons and expositions, held as authentic; and that no one is to dare, or presume to reject it under any pretext whatever."<ref name="bible-researcher.com" /> Furthermore, the council expressed the wish that the Vulgate be printed ''quam emendatissime''{{Efn|Literally "in the most correct manner possible"|name=|group=}} ("with fewest possible faults").<ref name=":12" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Berger|first=Samuel|url=https://archive.org/stream/labibleauseizim00berggoog#page/n129/mode/2up|title=La Bible au seizième siècle: Étude sur les origines de la critique biblique|year=1879|place=Paris|page=147 ff|language=fr|access-date=2011-01-23}}</ref>

In 1590, the [[Sixtine Vulgate]] was issued, under Sixtus V, as being the official Bible recommended by the Council of Trent.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|last=Scrivener|first=Frederick Henry Ambrose|title=A Plain Introduction to the Criticism of the New Testament|title-link=A Plain Introduction to the Criticism of the New Testament|publisher=[[George Bell & Sons]]|year=1894|editor-last=Miller|editor-first=Edward|edition=4th|volume=2|location=London|page=64|chapter=Chapter III. Latin versions|author-link=Frederick Henry Ambrose Scrivener}}</ref><ref name=":52">{{Cite web|title=Vulgate in the International Standard Bible Encyclopedia.|url=https://www.internationalstandardbible.com/V/vulgate.html|access-date=17 September 2019|website=International Standard Bible Encyclopedia Online|language=en}}</ref> On 27 August 1590, Sixtus&nbsp;V died. After his death, "many claimed that the text of the Sixtine Vulgate was too error-ridden for general use."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Pelikan|first=Jaroslav Jan|url=https://archive.org/details/reformationofbib0000peli|title=The reformation of the Bible, the Bible of the Reformation|date=1996|publisher=[[Yale University Press]]|others=Dallas : Bridwell Library; Internet Archive|location=New Haven|pages=98|chapter=Catalog of Exhibition [Item 1.14]|isbn=9780300066678|author-link=Jaroslav Pelikan}}</ref> On 5&nbsp;September of the same year, the [[College of Cardinals]] stopped all further sales of the Sixtine Vulgate and bought and destroyed as many copies as possible by burning them. The reason invoked for this action was printing inaccuracies in Sixtus&nbsp;V's edition of the Vulgate. However, [[Bruce M. Metzger|Bruce Metzger]], an American biblical scholar, believes that the printing inaccuracies may have been a pretext and that the attack against this edition had been instigated by the [[Jesuits]], "whom Sixtus had offended by [[Disputationes de Controversiis#Almost in the Index|putting one of Bellarmine's books on the 'Index']] ".<ref name=":24">{{Cite book|last=Metzger|first=Bruce M.|title=The Early Versions of the New Testament|publisher=Clarendon Press|year=1977|location=Oxford|pages=348–349|author-link=Bruce M. Metzger}}</ref>

In the same year he became pope (1592), Clement&nbsp;VIII recalled all copies of the Sixtine Vulgate.<ref name=":32">{{Cite book|last=Scrivener|first=Frederick Henry Ambrose|title=[[A Plain Introduction to the Criticism of the New Testament]]|author2=Edward Miller|publisher=[[George Bell & Sons]]|year=1894|edition=4|volume=2|location=London|page=64|author-link=Frederick Henry Ambrose Scrivener}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite book|last=Hastings|first=James|title=A Dictionary of the Bible|year=2004|publisher=University Press of the Pacific|isbn=978-1410217295|volume=4, part 2 (Shimrath – Zuzim)|location=Honolulu, Hawaii|pages=881|language=en|chapter=Vulgate|author-link=James Hastings|orig-year=1898|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yk1CKgPRKtAC&q=Bull+Aeternus+ille&pg=PA881}}</ref> The reason invoked for recalling Sixtus&nbsp;V's edition was printing errors, however the Sixtine Vulgate was mostly free of them.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":52"/>

The Sistine edition was replaced by [[Pope Clement VIII|Clement&nbsp;VIII]] (1592–1605). This new edition was published in 1592 and is called today the [[Clementine Vulgate]]<ref name=":23">{{Cite book|last=Metzger|first=Bruce M.|title=The Early Versions of the New Testament|publisher=Clarendon Press|year=1977|location=Oxford|pages=349|author-link=Bruce M. Metzger}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite book|last=Pelikan|first=Jaroslav Jan|url=https://archive.org/details/reformationofbib0000peli|title=The reformation of the Bible, the Bible of the Reformation|date=1996|publisher=Yale University Press|others=Dallas : Bridwell Library; Internet Archive|location=New Haven|pages=14, 98|chapter=1 : Sacred Philology; Catalog of Exhibition [Item 1.14]|isbn=9780300066678|author-link=Jaroslav Pelikan}}</ref> or Sixto-Clementine Vulgate.<ref name=":8" /> "The misprints of this edition were partly eliminated in a second (1593) and a third (1598) edition."<ref name=":23" />

The Clementine Vulgate is the edition most familiar to Catholics who have lived prior to the [[Liturgical reforms of Pope Paul VI|liturgical reforms]] following [[Vatican II]]. Roger Gryson, in the preface to the 4th&nbsp;edition of the [[Stuttgart Vulgate]] (1994), asserts that the Clementine edition "frequently deviates from the manuscript tradition for literary or doctrinal reasons, and offers only a faint reflection of the original Vulgate, as read in the ''[[wiktionary:pandect#Noun|pandecta]]'' of the first millennium."<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/bibliasacraiuxta0000unse_d8t5|title=Biblia sacra : iuxta Vulgatam versionem|publisher=Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft|others=Oliver Wendell Holmes Library, Phillips Academy|year=2007|isbn=978-3-438-05303-9|editor-last=Weber|editor-first=Robert|edition=5th|location=Stuttgart|pages=IX, XVIII, XXVIII, XXXVII|chapter=Praefatio|editor-last2=Gryson|editor-first2=Roger|url-access=registration}}</ref> However, historical scholar Cardinal [[Francis Aidan Gasquet]], in the [[Catholic Encyclopedia]], states that the Clementine Vulgate substantially represents the Vulgate which Jerome produced in the 4th century, although "it stands in need of close examination and much correction to make it [completely] agree with the translation of St. Jerome".<ref>Gasquet, F.A. (1912). [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15515b.htm Revision of Vulgate]. In the Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Retrieved July 25, 2022.</ref>