Editing Transport in Indonesia (section)

==== History and development ====
===== Tram feeder buses =====
{{main|Trams in Surabaya}}
[[File:Deret bus milik perusahaan OJS terparkir rapi di depan bangunan stasiun trem Wonokromo sekitar tahun 1930-an.jpg|thumb|A row of tram feeder buses parked in front of Wonokromo Kota Station, 1936.]]
City bus services have been present in Surabaya as feeder buses or pick-up buses for [[tram]] passengers belonging to the [[Oost-Java Stoomtram Maatschappij|Oost-Java Stoomtram Maatschappij (OJS)]] company since 1889. Many bus units were placed at several tram stop infrastructure such as [[Wonokromo Kota Station]], [[Jembatan Merah|Willemplein]], and [[Kalimas Station|Ujung]]. As the golden age of trams faded, the Surabaya City Government began to stop all tram operations in 1969. As a result, tram feeder buses changed status to become the main mode of public transportation in the city.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Mahar Jalu Primadana|author2=Ikhsan Rosyid Mujahidul Anwari|year=2019|title=Joyoboyo Terminal Surabaya 1970–1991|url=http://repository.unair.ac.id/89785/|journal=Department of History, Faculty of Cultural Sciences, University of Surabaya Airlangga|access-date=2022-01-24|archive-date=2022-01-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124112726/http://repository.unair.ac.id/89785/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Afaf Nadiyah Rifa|date=April 24, 2020|title=Looking back at the traces of trams in Indonesia|url=http://www.clapeyronmedia.com/look-back-at-the-trams-in-indonesia/|website=clapeyronmedia.com|access-date=February 18, 2022|archive-date=2022-01-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122174543/http://www.clapeyronmedia.com/melirik-kembali-jejak-trem-di-indonesia/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Mokhamad Dofir|date=6 February 2021|title=History of Dutch heritage trams in Surabaya|url=https://faktualnews.co/2021/02/06/riwayat-trem-warisan-belanda-di-surabaya/253139/|publisher=faktualnews.co|access-date=18 February 2022|archive-date=2022-01-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124105907/https://faktualnews.co/2021/02/06/riwayat-trem-warisan-belanda-di-surabaya/253139/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=|date=May 26, 2013|title=Trem Sejarahmu Dulu|url=https://majalah.tempo.co/read/jawa-timur/142621/trem-riwayatmu-dulu|work=[[Tempo.co]]|access-date=February 18, 2022|url-access=subscription|archive-date=2022-01-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124043315/https://majalah.tempo.co/read/jawa-timur/142621/trem-riwayatmu-dulu|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Muhammad Firman|date=July 8, 2013|title=The traces and figures behind the Surabaya tram|url=http://ayorek.org/2013/07/the-traces-and-figures-behind-the-surabaya-trams/#sthash.6PvDprYT.dpbs|website=ayorek.org|access-date=February 18, 2022|archive-date=2018-07-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721073355/http://ayorek.org/2013/07/jejak-dan-sosok-di-balik-trem-surabaya/#sthash.6PvDprYT.dpbs|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=M.F. Mukthi|date=May 5, 2015|title=A piece of tram history in Surabaya|url=https://historia.id/urban/articles/a-piece-of-tram-history-in-surabaya-Pew89/page/1|website=historia.id|language=id|access-date=February 18, 2022|archive-date=2022-08-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812155328/https://historia.id/urban/articles/a-piece-of-tram-history-in-surabaya-Pew89/page/1|url-status=live}}</ref>
===== Pioneer city bus of Perum DAMRI =====
[[File:Antrian bus kota milik Perum DAMRI sasis Tata LP1210 trayek Joyoboyo – Jembatan Merah di peron Terminal Joyoboyo, 1991.jpg|thumb|A queue of regular city buses owned by Perum DAMRI with [[Tata Motors|Tata]] LP1210 chassis on the [[Joyoboyo Terminal|Joyoboyo]]–[[Jembatan Merah Stop|Jembatan Merah]] route at the [[Joyoboyo Terminal]] platform, 1991.]]
After the tram operation stopped, the Surabaya City Government began a project to establish and procure regular city bus services bound to fixed routes, in collaboration with the pioneer operator Perum DAMRI. The regular city bus service by Perum DAMRI was officially launched on July 20, 1975 with twenty large buses produced by [[Robur (truck)|Robur]]. Along with the increasing public interest, Perum DAMRI began to increase the number of buses by fifty units in 1976 and 92 units in 1978. Until 1982, the city bus routes increased to nine and were served by 168 buses.<ref name=AtmajaEtAl>{{cite journal|author1=Henrry Jaladara Eka Atmaja|author2=Masliyah|author3=Nugroho Utomo|year=2013|title=Operational analysis of city bus stops on the Purabaya Terminal-Tanjung Perak route (via Darmo highway) according to a review of feasibility standards and accessibility aspects Henrry|url=http://eprints.upnjatim.ac.id/5941/|journal=Civil Engineering Study Program, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Planning, Veteran National Development University of Java East|access-date=2022-01-14|archive-date=2021-03-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301184455/http://eprints.upnjatim.ac.id/5941/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="DD">{{cite journal|author1=Hikmah Tri Susiloningtyas|author2=Nasution|year=2015|title=DAMRI Dynamics as a Means of Transportation in Surabaya in 1970–1982|url=https://ejournal.unesa.ac.id/index.php/avatara/article/view/10733/|journal=Avatara, e-Journal of Education History|volume=3|number=1|pages=127–134|doi=|access-date=2022-01-14|archive-date=2022-01-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220106143754/https://ejournal.unesa.ac.id/index.php/avatara/article/view/10733/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="VE">{{cite journal|author1=Alin Wiyudha Permana|author2=Dewa Agung Gedhe Agung|author3=Yuliati|year=2017|title=The development of DAMRI city buses in Surabaya in 1975–1989 and the value of education|url=http://karya-ilmiah.um.ac.id/index.php/sejarah/article/view/54928|journal=Department of History, Faculty of Social Sciences, State University of Malang|access-date=2022-01-14|archive-date=2022-01-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220106143751/http://karya-ilmiah.um.ac.id/index.php/sejarah/article/view/54928}}</ref><ref name="TS">{{Cite news|date=January 20, 2017|title=Memories of DAMRI, City Buses, and Mass Transportation Surabaya|url=https://www.jawapos.com/features/20/01/2017/kenangan-damri-bus-kota-dan-transportasi-masal-surabaya/ |newspaper=[[Jawa Pos]] |access-date=February 18, 2022|author=Taufiqurrahman|editor=Thomas Kukuh|archive-date=2022-01-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107033939/https://www.jawapos.com/features/20/01/2017/kenangan-damri-bus-kota-dan-transportasi-masal-surabaya/|url-status=live}}</ref> The nine newest city bus routes are:
* Joyoboyo–Red Bridge via Darmo
* Joyoboyo–Red Bridge via Diponegoro
* Joyoboyo–Tanjung Perak
* Kutisari–Demak Road
* Aloha–Red Bridge
* Kutisari–Karang Menjangan
* Demak Road–Karang Menjangan
* Aloha–Heroes Monument via Darmo
* Aloha–Heroes Monument via Diponegoro.

===== Double-decker buses =====
In 1981, Perum DAMRI began operating five [[double-decker bus]] routes using buses produced by [[Leyland Motors]]. A year later, Perum DAMRI added two new routes, along with the inauguration of the patas class city bus service. By 1983, the number of double-decker bus routes had increased to ten different routes. After operating for eight years, all double-decker bus operations were stopped since 1989. One of the contributing factors was the infrastructure on arterial roads that still did not support the operation and affordability of double-decker bus transportation. All bus units belonging to the double-decker bus were finally replaced with regular buses.<ref name=AtmajaEtAl /><ref name="DD" /><ref name="VE" /><ref name="TS" />

===== RMB Bus =====
[[File:Bus RMB Perum DAMRI, 2017.jpg|300px|Former regular RMB city bus units with Hino RKT chassis and Tugasanda bodies parked in the Perum DAMRI garage, 2017.]]
One form of improving regular city bus services from the Perum DAMRI operator in the early 2000s was the operation of new method route buses (RMB). The fundamental difference between RMB buses and other buses is that there are various improvements and improvements in service quality such as the addition of interior facilities, security systems, passenger capacity, departure schedules, distances between departures (''headway''), stopping points (stops), payment methods, crew competence, and payroll systems. The RMB bus was designed as a pilot project to improve the quality of other routes. This RMB bus is the beginning of the development of city buses with air conditioning (AC) facilities, so that later these bus units are better known as AC patas city buses.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=James Paul|author2=RA Dewi Iswari P.|year=2002|title=Efforts to improve RMB city bus services in terms of travel time|url=http://repository.petra.ac.id/7144/|journal=Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Planning, Petra Christian University|access-date=2022-03-07|archive-date=2022-03-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307062904/http://repository.petra.ac.id/7144/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Rudy Setiawan|year=2004|title=Efforts to improve RMB city bus services in terms of travel time|url=|journal=National Planning Engineering Seminar II 2004 Postgraduate Program of East Java Veteran National Development University}}</ref>

===== AC patas bus =====
[[File:20 Bangkai Bekas Unit Bus Kota Nonaktif Trayek E1 dan P1 Terparkir Rapi di Pool Perum DAMRI Surabaya.jpg|thumb|A row of used frames of regular AC patas city buses with [[Mercedes-Benz]] OH1521 chassis and [[Rahayu Sentosa (bus body company)|Rahayu Sentosa]] Celcius bodies are being parked in the garage of Perum DAMRI Surabaya, 2022.]]
As of July 5, 2007, Perum DAMRI has begun to gradually rejuvenate regular patas class city buses using patas class units with facilities [[Air conditioning|air conditioning (AC)]] and automatic doors. The initial stage was carried out by replacing twenty regular city buses on route P1 with city buses on route PAC1. Following on April 3, 2012, ten regular city buses on route P8 were also replaced with city buses on route PAC8.<ref>{{cite news|author=Marmorittarieta Stiltaurantia|date=April 5, 2007|title=20 units launched: New DAMRI buses, air-conditioned and pickpocket-free|url=https://www.suarasurabaya.net/kelanakota/2007/Bus-Damri-Baru-Ber-AC-dan-Bebas-Copet/|publisher=suarasurabaya.net|access-date=February 18, 2022|archive-date=2022-01-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220116031519/https://www.suarasurabaya.net/kelanakota/2007/Bus-Damri-Baru-Ber-AC-dan-Bebas-Copet/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Purna Budi Nugraha|date=April 30, 2012|title=DAMRI launches 10 units of AC patas buses|url=https://kabarbisnis.com/photo/283700/damri-luncurkan-10-unit-bus-patas-ac|publisher=kabarbisnis.com|access-date=February 18, 2022|archive-date=2022-01-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220116030137/https://kabarbisnis.com/photo/283700/damri-luncurkan-10-unit-bus-patas-ac|url-status=live}}</ref>

===== Women's bus =====
[[File:Bus wanita Perum DAMRI trayek PAC1, 2015.jpg|thumb|A special bus unit for women with a Mercedes-Benz OF1113 chassis and a Trisakti Mini Titan GX body parked in the Perum DAMRI Surabaya garage, March 19, 2015.]]
As of April 30, 2012, the Surabaya City Government in collaboration with Perum DAMRI began operating a special regular city bus service for [[women]] or called a women's bus. The service aims to minimize cases of [[sexual harassment]] and criminal acts against women in public transportation. The number of units provided by Perum DAMRI for the service is thirteen large buses. As of July 2, 2012, the women's bus began operating using six buses on the PAC1 route. Low passenger occupancy has resulted in the number of buses operating continuing to be reduced. Until July 13, 2012, only four women's buses were operating. Ineffective operations and the absence of feedback in the form of evaluations and long-term plans from the Surabaya City Government caused this service to slowly stop operating. The women's bus units began to function again as regular city buses by transporting passengers of various genders.<ref>{{cite news|author=Moch. Andriansyah|date=April 30, 2012|title=Special buses for women in Surabaya to avoid harassment|url=https://www.merdeka.com/peristiwa/bus-khusus-perempuan-di-surabaya-untuk-hindari-pelecehan.html|publisher=merdeka.com|access-date=February 18, 2022|editor=Moch. Andriansyah|work=[[Merdeka.com]]|archive-date=2022-01-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119050055/https://www.merdeka.com/peristiwa/bus-khusus-perempuan-di-surabaya-untuk-hindari-pelecehan.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Moch. Andriansyah|date=April 30, 2012|title=10 buses specifically for women launched in Surabaya|url=https://www.merdeka.com/peristiwa/10-bus-khusus-kaum-hawa-diluncurkan-di-surabaya.html|publisher=merdeka.com|access-date=February 18, 2022|work=[[Merdeka.com]]|archive-date=2022-01-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119050049/https://www.merdeka.com/peristiwa/10-bus-khusus-kaum-hawa-diluncurkan-di-surabaya.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=M. Said Sutomo|date=June 19, 2012|title=Launching of Surabaya city bus specifically for women: Just a figment of the imagination|url=https://ylpkjatim.or.id/launching-bus-kota-surabaya-khusus-perempuan-hanya-isapan-jempol/|website=ylpkjatim.or.id|access-date=February 18, 2022|archive-date=2022-01-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119050056/https://ylpkjatim.or.id/launching-bus-kota-surabaya-khusus-perempuan-hanya-isapan-jempol/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author1=Dinny Octaviane Wasistya|author2=Lukman Arif|year=2013|title=Public transportation services DAMRI bus for women only in Surabaya City (Case study at Purabaya Terminal, Surabaya City)|url=https://onesearch.id/Record/IOS2763.4924/TOC|journal=State Administration Study Program, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, East Java Veteran National Development University|access-date=2022-01-19|archive-date=2022-01-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119051557/https://onesearch.id/Record/IOS2763.4924/TOC|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author1=Cocos Nusi Vera|author2=Tukiman|year=2013|title=Public interest in using DAMRI city buses for women only in Surabaya|url=https://onesearch.id/Record/IOS2763.4921|journal=State Administration Study Program, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, East Java Veteran National Development University|access-date=2022-01-19|archive-date=2022-01-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119053056/https://onesearch.id/Record/IOS2763.4921|url-status=live}}</ref>

===== BRT Trans Sidoarjo =====
[[File:19 Deret Bekas Unit Bus Trans Sidoarjo Rute Purabaya - Porong Terparkir Rapi di Pool Perum DAMRI Surabaya.jpg|thumb|Former Trans Sidoarjo bus units with Hino RK8 R260 chassis and Laksana Discovery bodies parked in the Perum DAMRI Surabaya garage, 2022.]]
Perum DAMRI in collaboration with the [[Sidoarjo Regency]] Government inaugurated the Trans Sidoarjo service (as part of the development of the Trans Gerbang Kertasusila agglomeration transportation) with a total of thirty large buses with a high deck design (''highdeck'') assisted by the [[Ministry of Transportation of the Republic of Indonesia|Ministry of Transportation of the Republic of Indonesia (Kemenhub RI)]] on September 21, 2015.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Yudha Friyanka|year=2017|title=Transportation politics in urban areas: A study of the relationship between government and operators in bus rapid transit in Sidoarjo Regency|url=https://repository.unair.ac.id/68191/|journal=Jurnal Politik Muda|volume=6|number=3|pages=252–261|doi=|access-date=2022-08-30|archive-date=2022-08-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830035851/https://repository.unair.ac.id/68191/|url-status=live}}</ref> Trans Sidoarjo is a transportation system based on [[Bus Rapid Transit|''bus rapid transit'']] (BRT) using fast, cheap and air-conditioned (AC) buses in the area around Sidoarjo. The Trans Sidoarjo route connects Purabaya Terminal with [[Porong Terminal]] via Toll Road, [[Terminal Larangan]] and [[Tanggulangin, Sidoarjo|Tanggulangin]]. Low passenger occupancy has caused Perum DAMRI to suffer losses, so it has gradually reduced the number of operating buses to ten units. Since the PPKM due to the [[Coronavirus disease 2019|Covid-19]] pandemic, Trans Sidoarjo has stopped operating. In 2020, all Trans Sidoarjo bus units were converted to regular city bus routes PAC4 and PAC8.<ref>{{cite news|author=Nur Hadi|date=September 21, 2015|title=Trans Sidoarjo Bus Officially Operates Today|url=https://bisnis.tempo.co/read/702394/bus-trans-sidoarjo-resmi-beroperasi-hari-ini|publisher=bisnis.tempo.co|access-date=February 18, 2022|work=[[Tempo.co]]|editor-first=Endri|editor-last=Kurniawati|archive-date=2022-01-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115062823/https://bisnis.tempo.co/read/702394/bus-trans-sidoarjo-resmi-beroperasi-hari-ini|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite thesis|author1=Bintang Iman Prakoso|author2=Wahju Herijanto|year=2016|title=Evaluation of the performance and service of the Trans Sidoarjo bus|url=http://repository.its.ac.id/1893|journal=Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Planning, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember November|access-date=2022-01-14|archive-date=2022-02-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220217214731/https://repository.its.ac.id/1893/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author2=Titis Jati Permata|date=January 18, 2018|title=Not Interested, Trans Sidoarjo Buses Diverted to Transport Passengers to Tanjung Perak Surabaya|url=https://surabaya.tribunnews.com/2018/01/18/not-interested-trans-sidoarjo-buses-dialihkan-angkut-penumpang-ke-tanjung-perak-surabaya|publisher=surabaya.tribunnews.com|access-date=February 18, 2022|author=Nuraini Faiq|editor=Titis Jati Permata|work=[[Tribunnews|Tribunnews.com]]|archive-date=2022-02-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220217210736/https://surabaya.tribunnews.com/2018/01/18/tak-diminati-bus-trans-sidoarjo-dialihkan-angkut-penumpang-ke-tanjung-perak-surabaya|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author2=Parmin|date=December 10, 2018|title=Trans Sidoarjo Bus Departure Complained About, Passengers Choose to Sleep Inside Bus|url=https://surabaya.tribunnews.com/2018/12/10/trans-sidoarjo-bus-departure-passengers-choose-to-sleep-in-the-bus|publisher=surabaya.tribunnews.com|access-date=February 18, 2022|author=Nuraini Faiq|editor=Parmin|work=[[Tribunnews|Tribunnews.com]]|archive-date=2022-02-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220217205923/https://surabaya.tribunnews.com/2018/12/10/trans-sidoarjo-bus-departure-passengers-choose-to-sleep-in-the-bus|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=M. Sholahuddin|date=October 9, 2021|title=Trans Sidoarjo Bus Not Operating, Bus Stops Are Stalled|url=https://www.jawapos.com/surabaya/09/10/2021/bus-trans-sidoarjo-tidak-beroperasi-halte-halte-pun-mangkrak/ |access-date=February 18, 2022 |newspaper=[[Jawa Pos]] |archive-date=2022-02-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220217201309/https://www.jawapos.com/surabaya/09/10/2021/bus-trans-sidoarjo-tidak-beroperasi-halte-halte-pun-mangkrak/|url-status=live}}</ref>