Editing Tourism (section)

===Volunteer tourism===
{{Main|Volunteer tourism}}
Volunteer tourism (or voluntourism) is growing as a largely Western phenomenon, with volunteers travelling to aid those less fortunate than themselves in order to counter global inequalities. Wearing (2001) defines volunteer tourism as applying "to those tourists who, for various reasons, volunteer in an organised way to undertake holidays that might involve aiding or alleviating the material poverty of some groups in society".<ref>{{cite book|title=Volunteer Tourism: Experiences That Make a Difference|publisher=CABI}}</ref> VSO was founded in the UK in 1958 and the US Peace Corps was subsequently founded in 1960. These were the first large scale voluntary sending organisations, initially arising to modernise less economically developed countries, which it was hoped would curb the influence of communism.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Butcher|first1=J|last2=Smith|first2=P|date=2010|title='Making a difference': Volunteer tourism and development|journal=Tourism Recreation Research|volume=35|pages=27–36|doi=10.1080/02508281.2010.11081616|s2cid=51729611|url=http://research.stmarys.ac.uk/280/1/04-Butcher%20and%20Smith.pdf}}</ref>

This form of tourism is largely praised for its more sustainable approach to travel, with tourists attempting to assimilate into local cultures, and avoiding the criticisms of consumptive and exploitative mass tourism.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Terry|first=W|date=2014|title=Solving labor problems and building capacity unsustainable agriculture through volunteer tourism|journal=Annals of Tourism Research|volume=49|pages=94–107|doi=10.1016/j.annals.2014.09.001}}</ref> However, increasingly, voluntourism is being criticised by scholars who suggest it may have negative effects as it begins to undermine local labour, and force unwilling host communities to adopt Western initiatives,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Guttentag|first=D|date=2009|title=The possible negative impacts of volunteer tourism|journal=International Journal of Tourism Research|volume=11|issue=6|pages=537–51|doi=10.1002/jtr.727|s2cid=153993554}}</ref> while host communities without a strong heritage fail to retain volunteers who become dissatisfied with experiences and volunteer shortages persist.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Curran|first1=Ross|last2=Taheri|first2=Babak|last3=MacIntosh|first3=Robert|last4=O'Gorman|first4=Kevin|date=2016|title=Nonprofit Brand Heritage: Its Ability to Influence Volunteer Retention, Engagement, and Satisfaction|journal=Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly|volume=45|issue=6|pages=1234–57|doi=10.1177/0899764016633532|s2cid=147490099}}</ref> Increasingly, organisations such as VSO have been concerned with community-centric volunteer programmes where power to control the future of the community is in the hands of local people.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Thompson|first1=Jamie|last2=Curran|first2=Ross|last3=O'Gorman|first3=Kevin|date=2017|title=A modern day panopticon: Using power and control theory to manage volunteer tourists in Bolivia|journal=Tourism Management Perspectives|volume=22|pages=34–43|doi=10.1016/j.tmp.2017.01.003|hdl=10373/2606|url=https://rke.abertay.ac.uk/en/publications/b289ceb1-0ef1-4e46-8b2c-b84804a83fda}}</ref>