Editing Timeline of Jewish history (section)

== 19th century ==
[[File:Jidische.Folkschtime.jpg|thumb|Banner from the first issue of the ''Jidische Folkschtime'' (Yiddish People's Voice), published in Stockholm, 12 January 1917.]]
;1800–1900: The Golden Age of [[Yiddish literature]], the revival of Hebrew as a spoken language, and the revival of [[Hebrew literature]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bergen.org/AAST/Projects/Yiddish/English/literature.html |title=Yiddish Literature |access-date=2002-11-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021202112931/http://www.bergen.org/AAST/projects/Yiddish/English/literature.html |archive-date=2002-12-02 }}</ref>

;1808–1840:Large-scale aliyah in hope of [[Hastening Redemption]] in anticipation of the arrival of the Messiah in 1840.<ref>Hastening Redemption: Messianism and the Resettlement of the Land of Israel, Arie Morgenstern, Oxford University Press, 2007</ref>

;1820–1860: The development of [[Orthodox Judaism]], a set of traditionalist movements that resisted the influences of modernization that arose in response to the European emancipation and Enlightenment movements; characterized by continued strict adherence to [[Halakha]].

;1830: [[Greece]] grants citizenship to Jews.

;1831: Jewish militias take part in the defense of [[Warsaw]] against Russians.

;1834–1835: [[Muslims]], [[Druze]] attack Jews in [[Safed]], [[Hebron]] & in [[Jerusalem]].<ref>''Changes in the Position of the Jewish Communities of Palestine and Syria in the Mid-Nineteenth Century'', by Moshe Maoz, Studies on Palestine During the Ottoman Period, Jerusalem, Israel, 1975, pp. 147–148</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brainyhistory.com/topics/p/palestine.html|title=Palestine Events in History at BrainyHistory.com|access-date=23 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.historyorb.com/countries/palestine|title=Palestinian History|newspaper=Onthisday.com |access-date=23 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title=A descriptive geography and brief historical sketch of Palestine | first=Joseph | last=Schwarz | publisher=A. Hart | year=1850 | page=399 | url=https://archive.org/details/adescriptivegeo00schwgoog/page/n465}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.utom.org/library/books/Palestine2.pdf | title=Descriptive Geography and Brief Historical Sketch of Palestine | first=Joseph | last=Schwarz | year=1850 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121213143129/http://www.utom.org/library/books/Palestine2.pdf|archive-date=2012-12-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jewish-history.com/palestine/hebron.html|title=History of the Jews in Hebron|website=jewish-history.com|access-date=23 November 2017}}</ref> (See related: [[Safed plunder]]).

;1837: [[Moses Haim Montefiore]] is knighted by [[Queen Victoria]]

;1837: [[Galilee earthquake of 1837]] devastates Jewish communities of [[Safed]] and [[Tiberias]].

;1838–1933: Rabbi [[Yisrael Meir Kagan|Yisroel Meir ha-Kohen]] (Chofetz Chaim) opens an important yeshiva. He writes an authoritative Halakhic work, [[Mishnah Berurah]].

;Mid-19th century: Beginning of the rise of classical [[Reform Judaism]].

;Mid-19th century: Rabbi [[Israel Salanter]] develops the [[Mussar Movement]]. While teaching that Jewish law is binding, he dismisses current philosophical debate and advocates the ethical teachings as the essence of Judaism.

;Mid-19th century: Positive-Historical Judaism, later known as [[Conservative Judaism]], is developed.

;1841: [[David Levy Yulee]] of Florida is elected to the [[United States Senate]], becoming the first Jew elected to Congress.

;1851: [[Norway]] allows Jews to enter the country. They are not emancipated until 1891.

;1858: Jews [[History of the Jews in England—The Struggle for Emancipation|emancipated in England]].

;1860: [[Alliance Israelite Universelle]], an international Jewish organization is founded in [[Paris]] with the goal to protect Jewish rights as [[citizen]]s.

;1860–1875: [[Moshe Montefiori]] builds Jewish neighbourhoods outside the [[Old City (Jerusalem)|Old City]] of Jerusalem starting with [[Mishkenot Sha'ananim]].

;1860–1864: Jews are taking part in Polish national movement, that was followed by [[January rising]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2007}}

;1860–1943: [[Henrietta Szold]]: educator, author, social worker and founder of [[Hadassah Women's Zionist Organization of America]].

;1861: The Zion Society is formed in [[Frankfurt am Main]], Germany.

;1862: Jews are given equal rights in Russian-controlled [[Congress Poland]]. The privileges of some towns regarding prohibition of Jewish settlement are revoked. In Leipzig, [[Moses Hess]] publishes the book [[Rome and Jerusalem]], the first book to call for the establishment of a Jewish socialist commonwealth in Palestine. The book is also notable for giving the impetus for the Labor Zionist movement.

;1867: Jews emancipated in Hungary.

;1868: [[Benjamin Disraeli]] becomes Prime Minister of the [[United Kingdom]]. Though converted to Christianity as a child, he is the first person of Jewish descent to become a leader of government in Europe.

;1870–1890: Russian Zionist group [[Hovevei Zion]] (Lovers of Zion) and [[Bilu (movement)|Bilu]] (est. 1882) set up a series of Jewish settlements in the [[Land of Israel]], financially aided by Baron [[Edmond James de Rothschild]]. In [[Rishon LeZion]] [[Eliezer ben Yehuda]] revives [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] as spoken modern language.

;1870: Jews emancipated in Italy.

;1871: Jews emancipated in Germany.

;1875: [[Reform Judaism]]'s [[Hebrew Union College]] is founded in [[Cincinnati, Ohio|Cincinnati]]. Its founder was Rabbi [[Isaac Mayer Wise]], the architect of [[Reform Judaism|American Reform Judaism]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://huc.edu/index.html|title=Hebrew Union College—Jewish Institute of Religion|access-date=23 November 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020202041831/http://www.huc.edu/index.html|archive-date=2 February 2002}}</ref>

;1877: [[New Hampshire]] becomes the last state to give Jews equal political rights.

;1878: [[Petah Tikva]] is founded by religious pioneers from Jerusalem, led by [[Yehoshua Stampfer]].

;1880: World Jewish population around 7.7 million, 90% in Europe, mostly Eastern Europe; around 3.5 million in the former Polish provinces.

;1881–1884, 1903–1906, 1918–1920: Three major waves of [[pogrom]]s kill tens of thousands of Jews in Russia and Ukraine. More than two million Russian Jews emigrate in the period 1881–1920.

;1881: On December 30–31, the [[1881 Focșani Zionist Congress|First Congress of all Zionist Unions for the colonization of Palestine]] was held at Focșani, Romania.

;1882–1903: The First [[Aliyah]], a major wave of Jewish immigrants to build a homeland in [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jajz-ed.org.il/100/concepts/aliyah3.html|title=Aliyah|access-date=23 November 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000915150847/http://www.jajz-ed.org.il/100/concepts/aliyah3.html|archive-date=15 September 2000}}</ref>

;1886: Rabbi [[Sabato Morais]] and [[Alexander Kohut]] begin to champion the [[Conservative Judaism|Conservative Jewish]] reaction to American Reform, and establish The [[Jewish Theological Seminary of America]] as a school of 'enlightened Orthodoxy'.

;1890: The term "[[Zionism]]" is coined by an [[Austria]]n Jewish publicist [[Nathan Birnbaum]] in his journal ''Self Emancipation'' and was defined as the national movement for the return of the Jewish people to their homeland and the resumption of Jewish sovereignty in the Land of Israel.

;1895: First published book by [[Sigmund Freud]].

;1897: In response to the [[Dreyfus affair]], [[Theodor Herzl]] writes [[Der Judenstaat]] (The Jewish State), advocating the creation of a free and independent Jewish state in Israel.

;1897: The Bund ([[General Jewish Labour Bund in Lithuania, Poland and Russia|General Jewish Labour Bund]]) is formed in Russia.

;1897: First [[Russian Empire Census]]: 5,200,000 of Jews, 4,900,000 in the Pale. The lands of former [[Poland]]{{Clarify|date=November 2007}}<!-- former lands but in relation to what year? 1772 would differ greatly from 1864... --> have 1,300,000 Jews or 14% of population.

;1897: The [[First Zionist Congress]] was held at [[Basel]], which brought the [[World Zionist Organization]] (WZO) into being.