Editing Textual criticism (section)

=== Hebrew Bible ===
{{main|Documentary hypothesis}}
{{Further|Textual variants in the Hebrew Bible}}
[[Image:Targum.jpg|right|thumb|11th-century manuscript of the Hebrew Bible with [[Targum]]]]
[[Image:Aleppo Codex (Deut).jpg|right|thumb|A page from the [[Aleppo Codex]], Deuteronomy.]]

Textual criticism of the Hebrew Bible compares [[biblical manuscript|manuscript]] versions of the following sources (dates refer to the oldest extant manuscripts in each family):

{| border="0" style="margin:auto"
|-
|colspan="5" style="background:#66cdaa;" |
|- style="background:#cef2e0; text-align:center;"
! width=""|Manuscript !!|Examples !! width=""|Language !! |Date of Composition !! | Oldest Copy
|-
| [[Dead Sea Scrolls]]||[[Tanakh at Qumran]]|| Hebrew, [[Paleo-Hebrew alphabet|Paleo Hebrew]] and Greek (Septuagint) || {{circa|150 BCE}}&nbsp;– 70 CE || {{circa|150 BCE}}&nbsp;– 70 CE
|-
| colspan="5" style="background:#66cdaa;"|
|-
|[[Septuagint]]||[[Codex Vaticanus Graecus 1209|Codex Vaticanus]], [[Codex Sinaiticus]] and other earlier papyri
||Greek||300–100 BCE || 2nd century BCE (fragments)<br />4th century CE (complete)
|-
| colspan="5" style="background:#66cdaa;"|
|-
| [[Peshitta]]||[[Codices Ambrosiani|Codex Ambrosianus B.21]]||[[Syriac language|Syriac]]|| ||Early 5th century CE
|-
| colspan="5" style="background:#66cdaa;"|
|-
| [[Vulgate]]||[[Quedlinburg Itala fragment]], [[Codex Complutensis I]]|| Latin|| ||Early 5th century CE
|-
| colspan="5" style="background:#66cdaa;"|
|-
| [[Masoretic]]||[[Aleppo Codex]], [[Leningrad Codex]] and other incomplete mss|| Hebrew|| {{circa|100 CE}} ||10th century CE
|-
| colspan="5" style="background:#66cdaa;"|
|-
|[[Samaritan Pentateuch]]|| Abisha Scroll of Nablus|| Hebrew in [[Samaritan alphabet]]||200–100 BCE||Oldest extant mss {{circa|11th century CE}}, oldest mss available to scholars 16th century CE, only Torah contained
|-
| colspan="5" style="background:#66cdaa;"|
|-
| [[Targum]] || ||[[Aramaic]]||500–1000 CE||5th century CE
|-
| colspan="5" style="background:#66cdaa;"|
|}

As in the New Testament, changes, corruptions, and erasures have been found, particularly in the Masoretic texts. This is ascribed to the fact that early ''soferim'' (scribes) did not treat copy errors in the same manner later on.{{sfn|Tov|2001|p=9}}

There are three separate new editions of the Hebrew Bible currently in development: ''[[Biblia Hebraica Quinta]]'', the ''[[Hebrew University Bible Project|Hebrew University Bible]]'', and the ''[[Hebrew Bible: A Critical Edition]]'' (formerly known as the ''Oxford Hebrew Bible''). ''Biblia Hebraica Quinta'' is a [[Diplomatics#Diplomatic editions and transcription|diplomatic]] edition based on the [[Leningrad Codex]]. The ''Hebrew University Bible'' is also diplomatic, but based on the Aleppo Codex. The ''Hebrew Bible: A Critical Edition'' is an eclectic edition.<ref>Hendel, R., "The Oxford Hebrew Bible: Prologue to a New Critical Edition", ''Vetus Testamentum, vol. 58'', no. 3 (2008). pp.&nbsp;325–326</ref>