Editing Spruce (section)

=== Pests ===
The eastern spruce budworm (''[[Choristoneura fumiferana]]'') is a major pest of spruce trees in forests throughout Canada and the eastern United States.<ref name="Powell">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YH7WzKFzX0MC&pg=PP1 |title=Biosystematic Studies of Conifer-Feeding Choristoneura (Lepidoptera Tortricidae) in the Western United States |date=1995 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=9780520097964 |editor-last=Powell |editor-first=Jerry A.}}</ref> Two of the main host plants are [[Picea mariana|black spruce]] and [[white spruce]].<ref name="bal2">Balch, R.E.; Webb, F.E.; Morris, R.F. (1954). [https://cfs.nrcan.gc.ca/publications?id=8263 Results of spraying against spruce budworm in New Brunswick]. Can. Dep. Agric., For. Biol. Div., Ottawa ON, Bi-mo. Progr. Rep. 10(1).</ref> Population levels oscillate, sometimes reaching extreme outbreak levels that can cause extreme defoliation of and damage to spruce trees. To reduce destruction, there are multiple methods of control in place, including pesticides.<ref name="Pheromone">{{Cite book |last1=Allison |first1=Jeremy D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1GjgDAAAQBAJ |title=Pheromone Communication in Moths: Evolution, Behavior, and Application |last2=Carde |first2=Ring T. |date=2016 |publisher=Univ of California Press |isbn=9780520964433 |pages=265–271}}</ref>

Horntails, or Wood Wasps, use this tree for egg laying and the larvae will live in the outer inch of the tree under the bark.

Spruce beetles (''[[Dendroctonus rufipennis]]'') have destroyed swathes of spruce forest in western North America from Alaska to Wyoming.