Editing Southeast Asia (section)

== Demographics ==
[[File:South Eastern Asia population pyramid 2023.svg|thumb|Population pyramid of South East Asia in 2023]]
[[File:Southeast Asia population distribution.png|thumb|Population distribution of the countries of Southeast Asia (with Indonesia split into its major islands).]]

Southeast Asia has an area of approximately {{convert|4500000|km2|mi2}}. As of {{UN_Population|Year}}, around {{#expr:{{replace|{{UN_Population|South-Eastern Asia}}|,||}}/1e6 round 0}} million people live in the region, more than a fifth live (143 million) on the Indonesian island of [[Java]], the most densely populated large island in the world. [[Indonesia]] is the most populous country with {{#expr:{{replace|{{UN_Population|Indonesia}}|,||}}/1e6 round 0}} million people (~40% of South East Asia), and also the fourth most populous country in the world. The distribution of the religions and people is diverse in Southeast Asia and varies by country. Some 30&nbsp;million [[overseas Chinese]] also live in Southeast Asia, most prominently in [[Christmas Island]], Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand, and also as the [[Hoa people|Hoa]] in Vietnam. People of Southeast Asian origins are known as Southeast Asians or Aseanites.

===Ethnic groups===
{{Main|Ethnic groups of Southeast Asia}}

[[File:Ati woman.jpg|thumb|right|[[Ati (tribe)|Ati]] woman in [[Aklan]], [[Philippines]] {{spaced ndash}}the [[Negrito]]s were the earliest inhabitants of Southeast Asia.]]
[[File:Kecak in Pura Dalem Ubud 1.jpg|thumb|[[Balinese people]] of [[Indonesia]]]]
The peoples of Southeast Asia are mainly divided into four major ethnolinguistic groups: the [[Austronesian peoples|Austronesian]], Austroasiatic (or Mon-Khmers), [[Tai peoples|Tai]] (part of the wider [[Kra-Dai]] family) and Tibeto-Burman (part of greater [[Sino-Tibetan]] language family) peoples. There is also a smaller but significant number of [[Hmong-Mien]], [[Han Chinese|Chinese]], [[Dravidian peoples|Dravidians]], [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryans]], Eurasians and Papuans, which also contributes to the diversity of peoples in the region.

The [[Orang Asli|Aslians]] and [[Negrito]]s were believed to be one of the earliest inhabitants in the region. They are genetically related to [[Indigenous people of New Guinea|Papuans]] in Eastern Indonesia, Timor-Leste and [[Australian Aborigines]]. In modern times, the [[Javanese people|Javanese]] are the largest ethnic group in Southeast Asia, with more than 100 million people, mostly concentrated in [[Java]], Indonesia. The second-largest ethnic group in Southeast Asia are the [[Vietnamese people|Vietnamese]] (Kinh people) with around 86 million people, mainly inhabiting Vietnam but also forming a significant minority in neighbouring Cambodia and Laos. The [[Thai people|Thais]] are the third largest with around 59 million people, forming the majority in Thailand.

[[Indonesia]] is politically and culturally dominated by the [[Javanese people|Javanese]] and [[Sundanese people|Sundanese]] ethnic groups (both native to Java), but the country also has hundreds of ethnic groups scattered throughout the archipelago, such as the [[Madurese people|Madurese]], [[Minangkabau people|Minangkabau]], [[Acehnese people|Acehnese]], [[Bugis]], [[Balinese people|Balinese]], [[Dayak people|Dayak]], [[Batak (Indonesia)|Batak]], [[Malay Indonesian|Malay]] and [[Ambonese people|Ambonese]] peoples.

In Malaysia, the country is demographically divided into [[Malaysian Malays|Malays]], who make up more than half of the country's population; the [[Malaysian Chinese|Chinese]], at around 22%; other [[Bumiputera (Malaysia)|Bumiputera]]s, at 12%; and [[Malaysian Indians|Indians]], at around 6%. In [[East Malaysia]], the [[Dayaks]] (mainly [[Iban people|Ibans]] and [[Bidayuh]]s) make up the majority in the state of [[Sarawak]], while the [[Kadazan-Dusun]]s make up the majority in [[Sabah]]. In [[Labuan]], the [[Bruneian Malay people|Bruneian Malays]] and [[Kedayan]]s are the largest groups. Overall, the [[Ethnic Malay|Malays]] are the majority in Malaysia and Brunei and form a significant minority in Indonesia, [[Thai Malays|Southern Thailand]], [[Burmese Malays|Myanmar]], and [[Malay Singaporean|Singapore]]. In Singapore, the demographics of the country is similar to that of its West Malaysian counterparts but instead of Malays, it is the [[Chinese Singaporean|Chinese]] that are the majority, while the Malays are the second largest group and [[Indian Singaporean|Indians]] third largest.

Within the Philippines, the country has no majority ethnic groups; but the four largest ethnolinguistic groups in the country are the [[Visayan people|Visayans]] (mainly [[Cebuano people|Cebuanos]], [[Waray people|Warays]] and [[Hiligaynon people|Hiligaynons]]), [[Tagalog people|Tagalogs]], [[Ilocano people|Ilocanos]] and [[Bicolano people|Bicolanos]]. Besides the major four, there are also the [[Moro people]]s of [[Mindanao]], consisting of the [[Tausug people|Tausug]], [[Maranao people|Maranao]], [[Yakan people|Yakan]] and [[Maguindanao people|Maguindanao]]. Other regional groups in the country are the [[Kapampangan people|Kapampangans]], [[Pangasinan people|Pangasinans]], [[Surigaonon people|Surigaonons]], [[Ifugao people|Ifugao]], [[Kalinga people|Kalinga]], [[Kamayo people|Kamayo]], [[Cuyonon people|Cuyonon]] and [[Ivatan people|Ivatan]].

In mainland Southeast Asia, the [[Bamar|Burmese]] accounts for more than two-thirds of the population in Myanmar, but the country also has several regional ethnic groups which mainly live in [[Administrative Divisions of Myanmar#States|states]] that are specifically formed for ethnic minorities. The major regional ethnic groups in Myanmar are the Tai-speaking [[Shan people]], [[Karen people]], [[Rakhine people]], [[Chin people]], [[Kayah people]] and Indo-Aryan-speaking [[Rohingya people]] living on the westernmost part of the country near the border with [[Bangladesh]]. In neighbouring Thailand, the Thais are the largest ethnic group in the country but is divided into several regional Tai groups such as Central Thais, [[Northern Thai people|Northern Thais or Lanna]], [[Southern Thai|Southern Thais or Pak Thai]], and Northeastern Thai or [[Isan people]] (which is ethnically more closely related to [[Lao people]] than to Central Thais), each have their own unique dialects, history and culture. Besides the Thais, Thailand is also home to more than 70 ethnolinguistic groups of which the largest being Patani Malays, [[Northern Khmers]], Karen, [[Hmong people|Hmongs]] and [[Thai Chinese|Chinese]].

Cambodia is one of the most homogeneous countries in the area, with [[Khmer people|Khmers]] forming more than 90% of the population but the country also has a large number of ethnic [[Cham people|Chams]], [[Vietnamese Cambodians|Vietnamese]] and various inland tribes categorised under the term [[Khmer Loeu]] (Hill Khmers).

===Religion===
{{See also|Buddhism in Southeast Asia|Hinduism in Southeast Asia|Islam in Southeast Asia|Shenism in Southeast Asia|Muslim Southeast Asia|Christianity in Asia}}

{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Religion in Southeast Asia (2020)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/religious-projection-table/2020/percent/all/|title=Religious Composition by Country, 2010-2050|website=www.pewforum.org|date=18 May 2013 |access-date=18 October 2020|archive-date=21 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221014350/https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/religious-projection-table/2020/percent/all/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|label1 = [[Islam]]
|value1 = 40.08
|color1 = Green
|label2 = [[Buddhism]]
|value2 = 28.41
|color2 = Gold
|label3 = [[Christianity]]
|value3 = 21.33
|color3 = Blue
|label4 = [[Chinese folk religion|Folk religion]]
|value4 = 4.16
|color4 = Red
|label5 = No religion
|value5 = 4.70
|color5 = Grey
|label6 = [[Hinduism]]
|value6 = 1.09
|color6 = Darkorange
|label7 = Other
|value7 = 0.23
|color7 = Purple
}}
Countries in Southeast Asia practice many different religions and the region is home to many world religions including Abrahamic, Indian, East Asian and Iranian religions. By population, [[Islam]] is the most practised faith with approximately 240 million adherents, or about 40% of the entire population, concentrated in [[Indonesia]], [[Brunei]], [[Malaysia]], [[Southern Thailand]] and in the [[Southern Philippines]]. Indonesia is the most populous Muslim-majority country in the world. Meanwhile, Islam is constitutionally the official religion in Malaysia and Brunei.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Malaysia - Religion {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Malaysia/Religion |access-date=2023-02-14 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.mfa.gov.bn/oman-muscat/SitePages/bruneiintroduction.aspx#:~:text=Islam%20is%20the%20official%20religion,been%20since%20the%2014th%20century. |access-date=2023-02-14 |website=www.mfa.gov.bn}}</ref> The majority of the Muslim population is Sunni, but there are also significant Shia populations in Thailand and Indonesia. A minority are Sufi or Ahmadiyya Muslims.

There are approximately 190-205 million Buddhists in Southeast Asia, making it the second-largest religion in the region. Approximately 28 to 35% of the world's Buddhists reside in Southeast Asia. [[Buddhism]] is predominant in Vietnam, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Myanmar and Singapore, and adherents may come from Theravada or Mahayana schools. Ancestor worship and [[Confucianism]] are also widely practised in Vietnam and Singapore. Taoism and Chinese folk religions such as Mazuism are also widely practised by the overseas Chinese community in Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand. In certain cases, they may include Chinese or local deities in their worshipping practises such as Tua Pek Kong, Datuk Keramat and many more.

[[Christianity]] is predominant in the Philippines, eastern Indonesia, East Malaysia, and Timor-Leste. The Philippines has the largest Roman Catholic population in Asia.<ref>{{cite web|title=5 facts about Catholicism in the Philippines|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/01/09/5-facts-about-catholicism-in-the-philippines/|access-date=5 July 2021|website=Pew Research Center|date=9 January 2015 |language=en-US|archive-date=25 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625213623/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/01/09/5-facts-about-catholicism-in-the-philippines/|url-status=live}}</ref> Timor-Leste is also predominantly Roman Catholic due to a history of [[Indonesia]]n<ref name="Taylor, Jean Gelman 2003, p.381">{{cite book|last=Taylor|first=Jean Gelman|title=Indonesia: Peoples and Histories|url=https://archive.org/details/indonesia00jean|url-access=registration|publisher=Yale University Press|year=2003|page=[https://archive.org/details/indonesia00jean/page/381 381]|isbn=978-0-300-10518-6}}</ref> and Portuguese rule. In October 2019, the number of Christians, both Catholic and Protestant, in Southeast Asia reached 156 million, of which 97 million came from the [[Philippines]], 29 million from [[Indonesia]], 11 million from [[Vietnam]], and the rest from [[Malaysia]], [[Myanmar]], [[Timor-Leste]], [[Singapore]], [[Laos]], [[Cambodia]] and [[Brunei]]. In addition, Eastern Orthodox Christianity can also be found in the region. In addition, Judaism is practised in certain countries such as in the Philippines, Singapore and Indonesia due to the presence of Jewish diaspora. There is a small population of Parsis in Singapore who practise [[Zoroastrianism]], and [[Baháʼí Faith|Baháʼí]] is also practised by very small population in Malaysia, Vietnam, Singapore and Thailand.

No individual Southeast Asian country is religiously homogeneous. Some groups are protected ''de facto'' by their isolation from the rest of the world.<ref name=indigenous >{{cite news|first1=Euan|last1=McKirdy|first2=Sugam|last2=Pokharel|date=21 November 2018|title=North Sentinel Island tribespeople believed to have killed trespassing US 'missionary'|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/11/21/asia/andaman-nicobar-us-missionary-killed-intl/index.html|access-date=6 January 2022|website=CNN|language=en|archive-date=12 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112071854/https://www.cnn.com/2018/11/21/asia/andaman-nicobar-us-missionary-killed-intl/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In the world's most populous Muslim nation, Indonesia, Hinduism is dominant on islands such as [[Bali]]. Christianity also predominates in the rest of the part of the Philippines, [[New Guinea]], [[Flores]] and [[Timor]]. Pockets of Hindu population can also be found around Southeast Asia in Singapore, Malaysia, etc. [[Garuda]], the [[Phoenix (mythology)|phoenix]] who is the mount (''vahanam'') of [[Vishnu]], is a national symbol in both Thailand and Indonesia; in the Philippines, gold images of Garuda have been found on [[Palawan]]; gold images of other Hindu gods and goddesses have also been found on [[Mindanao]]. [[Balinese Hinduism]] is somewhat different from Hinduism practised elsewhere, as [[animism]] and local culture is incorporated into it. Meanwhile, Hindu community in Malaysia and Singapore are mostly South Indian diaspora, hence the practices are closely related to the Indian Hinduism. Additionally, Sikhism is also practised by significant population especially in Malaysia and Singapore by North Indian diaspora specifically from Punjab region. Small population of the Indian diaspora in the region are Jains and can be found in Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand and Indonesia. Christians can also be found throughout Southeast Asia; they are in the majority in Timor-Leste and the Philippines, Asia's largest Christian nation. In addition, there are also older tribal religious practices in remote areas of [[Sarawak]] in East Malaysia, Highland Philippines, and Papua in eastern Indonesia. In Burma, Sakka ([[Indra]]) is revered as a ''[[nat (spirit)|Nat]]''. In Vietnam, Mahayana Buddhism is practised, which is influenced by native animism but with a strong emphasis on [[veneration of the dead|ancestor worship]]. Vietnamese folk religions are practised by majority of population in Vietnam. Caodaism, a monotheistic syncretic new religious movement, is also practised by less than one percent of the population in Vietnam. Due to the presence of Japanese diaspora in the region, the practice of  Shinto has growingly made appearance in certain countries such as in Thailand.

The religious composition for each country is as follows: Some values are taken from the ''[[CIA World Factbook]]'':<ref>{{cite web|title=Field Listing – Religions|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html|publisher=CIA Factbook|access-date=24 February 2007|archive-date=20 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181220203407/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

<!-- The name of this article is "Southeast Asia" not "The countries that make up Southeast Asia". wouldn't it thus be better to show religious composition of SE Asia as a whole and not the individual country info which only repeats what is on their pages? -->
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! width=175 | Country
! Religions
|-
|{{flag|Brunei}}
|'''Islam''' (81%), Buddhism, Christianity, others (indigenous beliefs, etc.)
|-
|{{flag|Cambodia}}
|'''Buddhism''' (97%), Islam, Christianity, Animism, others
|-
|{{flag|Indonesia}}
|'''Islam''' (87%), Protestantism (7.6%), Roman Catholicism (3.12%), Hinduism (1.74%), Buddhism (0.77%), Confucianism (0.03%), others (0.4%)<ref name='indoCIA'>{{Citation|title=Indonesia|date=29 December 2021|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/indonesia/|work=The World Factbook|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|language=en|access-date=6 January 2022|archive-date=13 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413004319/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/indonesia|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="RELIGION">{{cite web|url=https://data.kemenag.go.id/agamadashboard/statistik/umat|title=Statistik Umat Menurut Agama di Indonesia|publisher=[[Ministry of Religious Affairs (Indonesia)|Ministry of Religious Affairs]]|date=15 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200903221250/https://data.kemenag.go.id/agamadashboard/statistik/umat|archive-date=3 September 2020|access-date=24 September 2020|language=id}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Laos}}
|'''Buddhism''' (67%), Animism, Christianity, others
|-
|{{flag|Malaysia}}
|'''Islam''' (61.3%), Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Animism
|-
|{{flag|Myanmar|name=Myanmar (Burma)}}
|'''Buddhism''' (89%), Islam, Christianity, Hinduism, Animism, others
|-
|{{flag|Philippines}}
|'''Roman Catholicism''' (80.6%), Islam (6.9%-11%),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ncmf.gov.ph|title=National Commission on Muslim Filipinos|website=ncmf.gov.ph|access-date=14 July 2016|archive-date=19 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161119145842/http://www.ncmf.gov.ph/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Evangelicals (2.7%), {{lang|tl|Iglesia ni Cristo|italic=no}} (Church of Christ) (2.4%), Members Church of God International (1.0%), Other Protestants (2.8%), Buddhism (0.05%-2%),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.buddhanet.info/wbd/country.php?country_id=55|title=World Buddhist Directory – Presented by BuddhaNet.Net|author=BuddhaNet|website=buddhanet.info|access-date=23 October 2014|archive-date=13 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210313170431/https://www.google-analytics.com/urchin.js|url-status=live}}</ref> Animism (0.2%-1.25%), others (1.9%)<ref>{{cite web |title=2015 Philippine Statistical Yearbook |url=https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/2015%20PSY%20PDF.pdf |website=psa.gov.ph |publisher=Philippine Statistical Authority |access-date=26 July 2020 |date=Oct 2015 |archive-date=11 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011010131/https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/2015%20PSY%20PDF.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Singapore}}
|'''Buddhism''' (31.1%), Christianity (18.9%), Islam (15.6%), Taoism (8.8%), Hinduism (5%), others (20.6%)
|-
|{{flag|Thailand}}
|'''Buddhism''' (93.5%), Islam (5.4%), Christianity (1.13%), Hinduism (0.02%), others (0.003%)
|-
|{{flag|Timor-Leste}}
|'''Roman Catholicism''' (97%), Protestantism, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism
|-
|{{flag|Vietnam}}
| '''[[Vietnamese folk religion]]''' (45.3%), '''Buddhism''' (16.4%), Christianity (8.2%), Other (0.4%), Unaffiliated (29.6%)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/12/18/table-religious-composition-by-country-in-percentages/|title=Table: Religious Composition by Country, in Percentages|date=18 December 2012|access-date=17 March 2015|archive-date=18 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518013537/http://www.pewforum.org/2012/12/18/table-religious-composition-by-country-in-percentages/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

===Languages===
{{See also|Classification schemes for Southeast Asian languages|Sino-Tibetan languages|Austroasiatic languages|Austronesian languages|Hmong–Mien languages|Tai–Kadai languages}}

Each of the languages has been influenced by cultural pressures due to trade, immigration, and historical colonisation as well. There are nearly 800 native languages in the region.

The language composition for each country is as follows (with official languages in '''bold'''):

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Country/Region !! Languages
|-
|width=175| {{flag|Brunei}}
|'''Malay''', '''English''', Chinese, Tamil, Indonesian and indigenous Bornean dialects ([[Iban language|Iban]], [[Murutic language]], [[Lun Bawang language|Lun Bawang]].)<ref>{{Citation|title=Brunei|date=29 December 2021|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/brunei/|work=The World Factbook|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|language=en|access-date=6 January 2022|archive-date=21 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721102115/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bx.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Cambodia}}
|'''Khmer''', English, French, Teochew, Vietnamese, Cham, Mandarin, others<ref>{{Citation|title=Cambodia|date=28 December 2021|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/cambodia/|work=The World Factbook|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|language=en|access-date=6 January 2022|archive-date=10 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610095311/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/cambodia/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Indonesia}}
|'''Indonesian''', [[Javanese language|Javanese]], [[Sundanese language|Sundanese]], [[batak languages|Batak]], [[Minangkabau language|Minangkabau]], [[Buginese language|Buginese]], [[Banjar language|Banjar]], [[Papuan languages|Papuan]], [[Dayak language|Dayak]], [[Acehnese language|Acehnese]], [[Ambonese language|Ambonese]], [[Balinese language|Balinese]], [[betawi language|Betawi]], [[Madurese language|Madurese]], [[Musi language|Musi]], [[Manado Malay|Manado]], [[Sasak language|Sasak]], [[makassarese language|Makassarese]], [[Batak Dairi]], [[Karo language (Indonesia)|Karo]], [[Mandailing language|Mandailing]], [[Jambi Malay]], [[mongondow language|Mongondow]], [[Gorontalo language|Gorontalo]], [[ngaju language|Ngaju]], [[kenyah language|Kenyah]], [[nias language|Nias]], [[North Moluccan Malay|North Moluccan]], [[Uab Meto]], [[Bima language|Bima]], [[Manggarainese language|Manggarai]], [[Toraja-Sa'dan language|Toraja-Sa'dan]], [[komering language|Komering]], [[tetum language|Tetum]], [[Rejang language (Indonesia)|Rejang]], [[Muna language|Muna]], [[Sumbawa language|Sumbawa]], [[Bangka Malay]], [[Osing dialect|Osing]], [[Gayo language|Gayo]], [[Bungku-Tolaki languages]], [[Moronene language|Moronene]], [[Bungku language|Bungku]], [[Bahonsuai language|Bahonsuai]], [[Kulisusu language|Kulisusu]], [[Wawonii language|Wawonii]], [[Mori Bawah language|Mori Bawah]], [[Mori Atas language|Mori Atas]], [[Padoe language|Padoe]], [[Tomadino language|Tomadino]], [[Lewotobi language|Lewotobi]], [[Tae' language|Tae']], [[mongondow language|Mongondow]], [[lampung language|Lampung]], [[Tolaki language|Tolaki]], [[Ma'anyan language|Ma'anyan]], [[Simeulue language|Simeulue]], [[gayo language|Gayo]], [[buginese language|Buginese]], [[mandar language|Mandar]], [[minahasan language|Minahasan]], [[Enggano language|Enggano]], [[ternate language|Ternate]], [[tidore language|Tidore]], [[mairasi language|Mairasi]], [[East Geelvink Bay languages|East Cenderawasih Language]], [[lakes plain languages|Lakes Plain Languages]], [[Tor-Kwerba languages|Tor-Kwerba]], [[Nimboran languages|Nimboran]], [[Skou languages|Skou/Sko]], [[Border languages (New Guinea)|Border languages]], [[Senagi languages|Senagi]], [[Pauwasi languages|Pauwasi]], [[Standard Chinese|Mandarin]], [[Hokkien]], [[Cantonese]], [[Hakka]], [[Teochew dialect|Teochew]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], and [[Modern Standard Arabic|Arabic]].

Indonesia has over 700 languages in over 17,000 islands across the archipelago, making Indonesia the second most linguistically diverse country on the planet,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vistawide.com/languages/20_countries_most_languages.htm|title=Top 20 Countries by Number of Languages Spoken|website=vistawide.com|access-date=28 May 2016|archive-date=30 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181230025452/http://www.vistawide.com/languages/20_countries_most_languages.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> slightly behind Papua New Guinea. The official language of Indonesia is Indonesian (Bahasa Indonesia), widely used in educational, political, economic, and other formal situations. In daily activities and informal situations, most Indonesians speak in their local language(s). For more details, ''see: [[Languages of Indonesia]]''.
|-
|{{flag|Laos}}
|'''Lao''', French, Thai, Vietnamese, Khmu, Hmong, Phuthai, Bru, Tai Lü, Akha, Iu Mien and others<ref>{{Citation|title=Laos|date=28 December 2021|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/laos/|work=The World Factbook|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|language=en|access-date=6 January 2022|archive-date=7 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307193820/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/laos/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Malaysia}}
|'''Malaysian''', [[Malaysian English|'''English''']], [[Malaysian Mandarin|Mandarin]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Daro-Matu language|Daro-Matu]], [[Kedah Malay]], [[Sabah Malay]], [[Brunei Malay]], [[Kelantan-Pattani Malay|Kelantan Malay]], [[Pahang Malay]], [[Acehnese language|Acehnese]], [[Javanese language|Javanese]], [[Minangkabau language|Minangkabau]], [[Banjar language|Banjar]], [[Buginese language|Buginese]], [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]], [[Hakka Chinese|Hakka]], [[Cantonese]], [[Hokkien]], [[Teochew dialect|Teochew]], [[Fuzhou dialect|Fuzhounese]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]], [[Malayalam]], [[Arabic]], [[Brunei Bisaya]], [[Okolod language|Okolod]], [[Kota Marudu Talantang language|Kota Marudu Talantang]], [[Kelabit language|Kelabit]], [[Lotud language|Lotud]], [[Terengganu Malay]], [[Semelai language|Semelai]], [[Southern Thai language|Thai]], [[Iban language|Iban]], [[Kadazan language|Kadazan]], [[Dusunic languages|Dusun]], [[Kristang language|Kristang]], [[Bajau language|Bajau]], [[Jakun language|Jakun]], [[Mah Meri language|Mah Meri]], [[Batek language|Batek]], [[Melanau language|Melanau]], [[Semai language|Semai]], [[Temuan language|Temuan]], [[Lun Bawang language|Lun Bawang]], [[Temiar language|Temiar]], [[Penan language|Penan]], [[Tausug language|Tausug]], [[Iranun language|Iranun]], [[Lundayeh language|Lundayeh/Lun Bawang]], and others<ref>{{Citation|title=Malaysia|date=28 December 2021|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/malaysia/|work=The World Factbook|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|language=en|access-date=6 January 2022|archive-date=27 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127015620/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/malaysia/|url-status=live}}</ref> ''see: [[Languages of Malaysia]]''
|-
|{{flag|Myanmar|name=Myanmar (Burma)}}
|'''Burmese''', Shan, Kayin (Karen), Rakhine, Kachin, Chin, Mon, Kayah, Mandarin, Bengali, Tamil, Telugu and other ethnic languages.<ref>{{Citation |title=Burma |date=2024-07-08 |work=The World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/burma/ |access-date=2024-07-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718135404/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/burma/ |archive-date=July 18, 2024 |url-status=live |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://joshuaproject.net/countries/BM |title=Country: Myanmar (Burma) |website=Joshua Project |access-date=15 May 2018 |archive-date=11 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911195440/https://joshuaproject.net/countries/BM |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Philippines}}
|'''Filipino''' ([[Tagalog language|Tagalog]]), [[Philippine English|'''English''']], [[Bisayan languages]] ([[Aklanon language|Aklanon]], [[Cebuano language|Cebuano]], [[Kinaray-a language|Kinaray-a]], [[Capiznon language|Capiznon]], [[Hiligaynon language|Hiligaynon]], [[Waray language|Waray]], [[Masbateño language|Masbateño]], [[Romblomanon language|Romblomanon]], [[Cuyonon language|Cuyonon]], [[Surigaonon language|Surigaonon]], [[Butuanon language|Butuanon]], [[Tausug language|Tausug]]), [[Ivatan language|Ivatan]], [[Ilocano language|Ilocano]], [[Ibanag language|Ibanag]], [[Pangasinan language|Pangasinan]], [[Kapampangan language|Kapampangan]], [[Bikol languages|Bikol]], [[Sama-Bajaw languages|Sama-Bajaw]], [[Maguindanao language|Maguindanao]], [[Maranao language|Maranao]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]], [[Chavacano]] and others<ref>{{Citation |title=Philippines |date=2024-07-10 |work=The World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/philippines/ |access-date=2024-07-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240720134511/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/philippines/ |archive-date=July 20, 2024 |url-status=live |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |language=en}}</ref>

''see: [[Languages of the Philippines]]''
|-
|{{flag|Singapore}}
|'''English''', '''Malay''', '''Mandarin Chinese''', '''Tamil''', Hokkien, Teochew, Cantonese, Hakka, Japanese, Telugu, Malayalam, Punjabi, Indonesian, Boyanese, Buginese, Javanese, Balinese, [[Singlish]] creole and others<ref>{{Citation |title=Singapore |date=2024-07-11 |work=The World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/singapore/ |access-date=2024-07-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240720133151/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/singapore/ |archive-date=July 20, 2024 |url-status=live |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |language=en}}</ref>

''see: [[Languages of Singapore]]''
|-
|{{flag|Thailand}}
|'''Thai''', Isan, Northern Khmer, Malay, Karen, Hmong, Teochew, Minnan, Hakka, Yuehai, Burmese, Iu Mien, Tamil, Bengali, Urdu, Arabic, Shan, Tai Lü, Phuthai, Mon and others<ref>{{Citation|title=Thailand|date=28 December 2021|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/thailand/|work=The World Factbook|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|language=en|access-date=6 January 2022|archive-date=10 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610164345/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/thailand/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Timor-Leste}}
|'''Portuguese''', '''Tetum''', Mambae, Makasae, Tukudede, Bunak, Galoli, Kemak, Fataluku, Baikeno, others<ref>{{Citation|title=Timor-Leste|date=29 December 2021|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/timor-leste/|work=The World Factbook|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|language=en|access-date=6 January 2022|archive-date=18 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118042329/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/timor-leste/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Vietnam}}
|'''Vietnamese''', Cantonese, Khmer, Hmong, Tày, Cham and others<ref>{{Citation|title=Vietnam|date=28 December 2021|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/vietnam/|work=The World Factbook|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|language=en|access-date=6 January 2022|archive-date=10 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610173010/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/vietnam/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

===Cities===
{{See also|List of cities in ASEAN by population}}

* [[Bandar Seri Begawan|Brunei-Muara]] {{small|([[Bandar Seri Begawan]]/[[Muara, Brunei|Muara]])}}, {{flag|Brunei}}
* [[Phnom Penh|Phnom Penh City]] {{small|(Phnom Penh/[[Kandal Province|Kandal]])}}, {{Flag|Cambodia}}
* [[Dili]] {{small|([[Dili]])}}, {{flag|Timor-Leste}}
* [[Jabodetabekpunjur]] {{small|([[Jakarta]]/Bogor ([[Bogor|City]] and [[Bogor Regency|Regency]])/[[Depok]]/Tangerang ([[Tangerang|City]] and [[Tangerang Regency|Regency]])/[[South Tangerang]]/Bekasi ([[Bekasi|City]] and [[Bekasi Regency|Regency]])/small part of [[Cianjur Regency|Cianjur]])}}, {{flag|Indonesia}}
* [[Surabaya metropolitan area|Gerbangkertosusila]] {{small|([[Surabaya]]/[[Sidoarjo Regency|Sidoarjo]]/[[Gresik Regency|Gresik]]/[[Mojokerto]]/[[Lamongan Regency|Lamongan]]/[[Bangkalan Regency|Bangkalan]])}}, {{Flag|Indonesia}}
* [[Bandung Basin]] {{small|(Bandung ([[Bandung|City]] and [[Bandung Regency|Regency]])/[[Cimahi]]/[[West Bandung]]/small part of [[Sumedang]])}}, {{Flag|Indonesia}}
* [[Mebidangro]] {{small|([[Medan]]/[[Binjai]]/[[Deli Serdang]]/[[Karo Regency|Karo]])}}, {{Flag|Indonesia}}
* [[Vientiane|Vientiane Prefecture]] {{small|([[Vientiane]]/[[Tha Ngon]])}}, {{flag|Laos}}
* [[Greater Kuala Lumpur]]/[[Klang Valley]] {{small|([[Kuala Lumpur]]/[[Selangor]])}}, {{Flag|Malaysia}}
* [[George Town Conurbation]] {{small|([[Penang]]/[[Kedah]]/[[Perak]])}}, {{Flag|Malaysia}}
* [[Iskandar Malaysia]] {{small|([[Johor]])}}, {{Flag|Malaysia}}
* [[Greater Kota Kinabalu]] {{small|([[Sabah]])}}, {{Flag|Malaysia}}
* [[Yangon Region]] {{small|([[Yangon]]/[[Thanlyin]])}}, {{flag|Myanmar}}
* [[Metro Manila]] {{small|([[Manila]]/[[Quezon City]]/[[Makati]]/[[Taguig]]/[[Pasay]]/[[Caloocan]] and 11 others)}}, {{flag|Philippines}}
* [[Metro Davao]] {{small|([[Davao City]]/[[Digos]]/[[Tagum]]/[[Island Garden City of Samal]])}}, {{flag|Philippines}}
* [[Metro Cebu]] {{small|([[Cebu City]]/[[Mandaue]]/[[Lapu-Lapu City]]/[[Talisay, Cebu|Talisay City]] and 11 others)}}, {{flag|Philippines}}
* [[Singapore]], {{flag|Singapore}}
* [[Bangkok Metropolitan Region]] {{small|([[Bangkok]]/[[Nonthaburi (city)|Nonthaburi]]/[[Samut Prakan]]/[[Pathum Thani]]/[[Samut Sakhon]]/[[Nakhon Pathom]])}}, {{flag|Thailand}}
* [[Eastern Economic Corridor]] {{small|([[Chachoengsao]]/[[Chonburi]]/[[Rayong]])}}, {{flag|Thailand}}
* [[Ho Chi Minh City Metropolitan Area]] {{small|([[Ho Chi Minh City]]/[[Vũng Tàu]]/[[Bình Dương]]/[[Đồng Nai Province|Đồng Nai]])}}, {{Flag|Vietnam}}
* [[Hanoi Capital Region]] {{small|([[Hanoi|Hà Nội]]/[[Haiphong|Hải Phòng]]/[[Hạ Long]])}}, {{Flag|Vietnam}}
* [[Da Nang|Da Nang City]] {{Small|([[Đà Nẵng]]/[[Hội An]]/[[Huế]])}}, {{Flag|Vietnam}}

<gallery mode="packed" style="margin-top:1.5rem; font-size:88%; line-height:130%" widths="150" heights="100" perrow="3" caption="Night skylines">
File:Moonrise over kuala lumpur.jpg|[[Kuala Lumpur]], Malaysia
File:0008871 - Krung Thep Bridge 001.jpg|[[Bangkok]], Thailand
File:Skyline of the Central Business District of Singapore with Esplanade Bridge.jpg|[[Singapore]]
File:View from Grand Hyatt Manila overlooking Bonifacio Global City and Makati skylines at sunset.jpg|Manila, Philippines
File:Saigon skyline night view.jpg|[[Ho Chi Minh City]], Vietnam
File:SCBD, Jakarta.jpg|[[Jakarta]], Indonesia
</gallery>

{{Largest cities in Southeast Asia location map|align=center}}