Editing Sign language (section)

===Primate use===
{{Main|Great ape language#Primate use of sign language|l1=Great ape language § Primate use of sign language}}

There have been several notable examples of scientists teaching signs to non-human [[primate]]s in order to communicate with [[human]]s,<ref name="MoA">{{cite book|last1=Premack and Premack|first1=David and Ann J|title=The Mind of an Ape|date=1984|publisher=W.W. Norton & Co.|location=NY|isbn=978-0393015812|edition=1st}}</ref> such as [[chimpanzee]]s,<ref name=fn1>Plooij, F.X. (1978) "Some basic traits of language in wild chimpanzees?" in A. Lock (ed.) ''Action, Gesture and Symbol'' New York: Academic Press.</ref><ref name=fn2>{{cite journal | last1 = Nishida | first1 = T | year = 1968 | title = The social group of wild chimpanzees in the Mahali Mountains | journal = Primates | volume = 9 | issue = 3| pages = 167–224 | doi=10.1007/bf01730971| hdl = 2433/213162 | s2cid = 28751730 | hdl-access = free }}</ref><ref name=fn3>{{cite journal | last1 = Premack | first1 = D | year = 1985 | title = 'Gavagai!' or the future of the animal language controversy | journal = Cognition | volume = 19 | issue = 3| pages = 207–296 | doi=10.1016/0010-0277(85)90036-8| pmid = 4017517 | s2cid = 39292094 }}</ref><ref name=fn4>{{cite journal | last1 = Gardner | first1 = R.A. | last2 = Gardner | first2 = B.T. | year = 1969 | title = Teaching Sign Language to a Chimpanzee | journal = Science | volume = 165 | issue = 3894| pages = 664–672 | doi=10.1126/science.165.3894.664| pmid = 5793972 | bibcode = 1969Sci...165..664G | citeseerx = 10.1.1.384.4164 }}</ref><ref name=fn5>Gardner, R.A., Gardner, B.T., and Van Cantfort, T.E. (1989), ''Teaching Sign Language to Chimpanzees'', Albany: SUNY Press.</ref><ref name=fn6>Terrace, H.S. (1979). ''Nim: A chimpanzee who learned Sign Language'' New York: Knopf.</ref><ref name=fn10>{{cite journal | last1 = Savage-Rumbaugh | first1 = E.S | last2 = Rumbaugh | first2 = D.M. | last3 = McDonald | first3 = K. | year = 1985 | title = Language learning in two species of apes | journal = Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews | volume = 9 | issue = 4| pages = 653–665 | doi=10.1016/0149-7634(85)90012-0 | pmid = 4080283| s2cid = 579851 }}</ref> [[gorilla]]s<ref name=fn7>Patterson, F.G. and Linden E. (1981), ''The education of Koko'', New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston</ref> and [[orangutan]]s.<ref name=fn8>Miles, H.L. (1990) "The cognitive foundations for reference in a signing orangutan" in S.T. Parker and K.R. Gibson (eds.) ''"Language" and intelligence in monkeys and apes'': Comparative Developmental Perspectives. Cambridge Univ. Press. pp. 511–539. {{doi|10.1017/CBO9780511665486.021}}. {{ISBN|9780511665486}}</ref>  However, linguists generally point out that this does not constitute knowledge of a human ''language'' as a complete system, rather than simply signs/words.<ref>
{{cite book
|last=Wallman|first=Joel
|title=Aping Language
|url=https://archive.org/details/apinglanguage00wall_0|url-access=registration|year=1992
|publisher=Cambridge University Press
|isbn=978-0-521-40666-6}}
</ref><ref>
{{cite web
 |url         = http://www.lcc.gatech.edu/~mcnair/Teaching/3206-S2004/Animal_Communication.htm
 |title       = Animal Communication
 |publisher   = Department of Linguistics, The Ohio State University
 |year        = 1994
 |access-date  = 2008-02-21
 |url-status     = live
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20080207132421/http://www.lcc.gatech.edu/~mcnair/Teaching/3206-S2004/Animal_Communication.htm
 |archive-date = 2008-02-07
}}
</ref><ref>
{{cite book
|last1=Stewart|first1=Thomas W.
|last2=Vaillette|first2=Nathan
|title=Language Files: Materials for an Introduction to Language & Linguistics
|url=https://archive.org/details/languagefilesmat00stew|url-access=registration|date=2001
|publisher=The Ohio State University Press
|location=Columbus
|isbn=978-0-8142-5076-1
|pages=[https://archive.org/details/languagefilesmat00stew/page/26 26–31]
|edition=8th}}
</ref><ref>
{{cite book
|last1=Anderson|first1=Stephen R.
|title=Doctor Doolittle's Delusion
|date=2004
|publisher=Yale University Press
|location=New Haven CT
|isbn=978-0-300-10339-7
|pages=263–300}}
</ref><ref>
{{cite book
|last1=Fromkin|first1=Victoria
|last2=Rodman|first2=Robert
|last3=Hyams|first3=Nina
|title=An introduction to language
|date=2007
|publisher=Thomson Wadsworth
|location=Boston
|isbn=978-1-4130-1773-1
|pages=352–356
|edition=8th}}
</ref>  Notable examples of animals who have learned signs include:
* Chimpanzees: [[Washoe (chimpanzee)|Washoe]], [[Nim Chimpsky]] and [[Loulis (chimpanzee)|Loulis]]
* Gorillas: [[Koko (gorilla)|Koko]] and [[Michael (gorilla)|Michael]]