Editing Shanghai (section)

===Religion===
{{hatnote|Main article on Chinese Wikipedia: {{lang|zh|[[:zh:上海宗教|上海宗教]]}}}}
{{see also|Religion in China}}

[[File:Shanghai, China (Unsplash 8T9p4FDu590).jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.7|Bird's-eye view of the golden [[pagoda]] of [[Jing'an Temple]]]]
Due to its cosmopolitan history, Shanghai has a blend of religious heritage; religious buildings and institutions are scattered around the city. According to a 2012 survey, only 13.1% of the city's population belongs to organized religions, including [[Buddhists]] with 10.4%, [[Protestants]] with 1.9%, [[Catholics]] with 0.7%, and other faiths with 0.1% while the remaining 86.9% of the population could be either [[atheist]]s or involved in [[Chinese folk religion|worship of nature deities and ancestors]] or [[Chinese salvationist religions|folk religious sects]].<ref name="CFPS2012">{{cite web |url=http://iwr.cass.cn/zjwh/201403/W020140303370398758556.pdf |trans-title=China Family Panel Studies 2012 |script-title=zh:当代中国宗教状况报告——基于CFPS（2012）调查数据 |publisher=[[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] |page=13 |date=3 March 2014 |access-date=7 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140809051625/http://iwr.cass.cn/zjwh/201403/W020140303370398758556.pdf |archive-date=9 August 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Religion in Shanghai (2012):

|label1 = Chinese folk religion, or atheist
|value1 = 87.46
|color1 = #C00000
|label2 = [[Buddhism]]
|value2 = 10.30
|color2 = Yellow
|label3 = [[Christianity]]
|value3 = 1.88
|color3 = DodgerBlue
|label4 = [[Islam]]
|value4 = 0.36
|color4 = Green
}}
Buddhism, in its [[Chinese Buddhism|Chinese varieties]], has had a presence in Shanghai since the [[Three Kingdoms]] period, during which the [[Longhua Temple]]—the largest temple in Shanghai—and the [[Jing'an Temple]] were founded.<ref name="Buddhism">{{cite web|url=http://mzzj.sh.gov.cn/mzw/zj-fojiao/|script-title=zh:上海市佛教概况|trans-title=An overview of Buddhism in Shanghai|date=29 September 2003|access-date=23 October 2019|work=Shanghai Ethnic and Religions|language=zh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023041825/http://mzzj.sh.gov.cn/mzw/zj-fojiao/|archive-date=23 October 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> Another significant temple is the [[Jade Buddha Temple]], which was named after a large statue of [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]] carved out of [[jade]] in the temple.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.shtong.gov.cn/Newsite/node2/node2245/node75195/node75200/node75234/node75246/userobject1ai90985.html|script-title=zh:第一节 玉佛寺|trans-title=Chapter One: Jade Buddha Temple|date=21 March 2007|access-date=23 October 2019|work=Office of Shanghai Chronicles|language=zh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023041827/http://www.shtong.gov.cn/Newsite/node2/node2245/node75195/node75200/node75234/node75246/userobject1ai90985.html|archive-date=23 October 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> {{as of|2014}}, Buddhism in Shanghai had 114 temples, 1,182 [[Clergy#Buddhism|clergical staff]], and 453,300 registered followers.<ref name="Buddhism" /> The religion also has its own college, the {{ill|Shanghai Buddhist College|lt=|zh|上海佛学院}}, and its own press, {{ill|Shanghai Buddhological Press|lt=|zh|上海佛学书局}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mzzj.sh.gov.cn/mzw/sh-zongjiao/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023041826/http://mzzj.sh.gov.cn/mzw/sh-zongjiao/|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 October 2019|script-title=zh:上海宗教简介|trans-title=Brief introduction to the religions in Shanghai|date=25 December 2014|access-date=23 October 2019|work=Shanghai Ethnic and Religions|language=zh}}</ref>
[[File:Photo of St. Ignatius Cathedral, Shanghai 圣依纳爵主教座堂.jpg|thumb|170px|The [[St. Ignatius Cathedral]]]]
Catholicism was brought into Shanghai in 1608 by Italian missionary [[Lazzaro Cattaneo]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mzzj.sh.gov.cn/mzw/zj-tianzhu/|script-title=zh:上海天主教概况|trans-title=An overview of Catholicism in Shanghai|date=19 September 2003|access-date=24 October 2019|work=Shanghai Ethnic and Religions|language=zh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023041853/http://mzzj.sh.gov.cn/mzw/zj-tianzhu/|archive-date=23 October 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Apostolic Vicariate]] of Shanghai was erected in 1933, and was further elevated to the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Shanghai|Diocese of Shanghai]] in 1946.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mzzj.sh.gov.cn/mzw/zjtz-jiaoqu/|script-title=zh:天主教上海教区|trans-title=Roman Catholic Diocese of Shanghai|date=19 September 2003|access-date=24 October 2019|work=Shanghai Ethnic and Religions|language=zh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191024001012/http://mzzj.sh.gov.cn/mzw/zjtz-jiaoqu/|archive-date=24 October 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> Notable Catholic sites include the [[St. Ignatius Cathedral]] in Xujiahui—the largest Catholic church in the city,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.xuhui.gov.cn/xhbm/bmyu/20180605/014_34a48e8b-6c0a-4ee5-9146-0987d47e7486.htm|script-title=zh:徐家汇天主教堂|trans-title=Xujiahui Catholic Church|date=6 May 2018|access-date=24 October 2019|publisher=[[Xuhui District]] People's Government|language=zh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191024001015/http://www.xuhui.gov.cn/xhbm/bmyu/20180605/014_34a48e8b-6c0a-4ee5-9146-0987d47e7486.htm|archive-date=24 October 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> the [[St. Francis Xavier Church (Shanghai)|St. Francis Xavier Church]], and the [[She Shan Basilica]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.travelchinaguide.com/cityguides/shanghai/churches.htm|title=Famous Churches in Shanghai|access-date=24 October 2019|work=Travel China Guide|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191024001012/https://www.travelchinaguide.com/cityguides/shanghai/churches.htm|archive-date=24 October 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Other forms of [[Christianity in Shanghai]] include [[Eastern Orthodox]] minorities and, since 1996, registered Christian Protestant churches. The Protestant [[All Saints Church, Shanghai|All Saints Church]] in [[Huangpu, Shanghai|Huangpu]] was built in 1925 and features a [[Romanesque Revival architecture|Neo-Romanesque]] tower. Shanghai has long had the highest concentration of urban [[Catholic Church in China|Catholics in China]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mariani |first=Paul P. |date=2016 |title=The Four Catholic Bishops of Shanghai: "Underground" and "Patriotic" Church Competition and Sino–Vatican Relations in Reform-Era China |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24708489 |journal=Journal of Church and State |volume=58 |issue=1 |pages=38–56 |doi=10.1093/jcs/csu078 |jstor=24708489 |issn=0021-969X}}</ref>{{Rp|page=38}}

Although currently making up a fraction of the religious population in Shanghai, Jewish people have played an influential role in the city's history. After the [[Treaty of Nanking]] ended the [[First Opium War]] in 1842, the city was opened up to western populations and merchants traveled to Shanghai for its rich business potential, including many prominent Jewish families. The [[Sassoon family|Sassoon]]s amassed great wealth in the opium and textile trades, cementing their status by funding many of the buildings that have become iconic in Shanghai's skyline, such as the Cathay Hotel in 1929.<ref name="ShanghaiJews">{{cite web |url=https://www.thejc.com/lifestyle/travel/holidays/the-jews-of-shanghai-china-1.494295 |title=The Jews of Shanghai |work=The JC |last=Parker |first=Rupert |date=15 December 2019 |access-date=30 June 2021 |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506125801/https://www.thejc.com/lifestyle/travel/holidays/the-jews-of-shanghai-china-1.494295}}</ref> The [[Hardoon]]s were another prominent Baghdadi Jewish family that used their business success to define Shanghai in the 20th century. The head of the family, Silas Hardoon, one of the richest people in the world during the 1800s, financed [[Nanjing Road]], which then housed departmental stores in the International Settlement, that is now one of the busiest shopping centers in the world.<ref name="ShanghaiJews" />

During [[World War II]], thousands of Jews emigrated to Shanghai in an effort to flee [[Nazi Germany]]. They lived in a designated area called the Shanghai Ghetto and formed a community centered on the Ohel Moishe Synagogue, which is now the [[Shanghai Jewish Refugees Museum]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filination.com/blog/2011/03/20/shanghai-jewish-refugees-museum-ohel-moishe-synagogue/|title=Jewish Refugees Museum : Ohel Moishe Synagogue Shanghai|work=Visions of Travel|access-date=13 February 2013|archive-date=10 April 2013|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130410195934/http://www.filination.com/blog/2011/03/20/shanghai-jewish-refugees-museum-ohel-moishe-synagogue/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1939, Horace [[Kadoorie]], the head of the powerful philanthropic Sephardic Jewish family in Shanghai, founded the Shanghai Jewish Youth Association to support Jewish refugees through English education so they would be prepared to emigrate from Shanghai when the time came.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://collections.ushmm.org/search/catalog/pa1071705 |title=Harry Fiedler and other students wave Zionist flags during a celebration at the Kadoorie School. |publisher=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum |access-date=30 June 2021 |archive-date=28 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728070458/https://collections.ushmm.org/search/catalog/pa1071705 |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Islam]] came into Shanghai during the Yuan dynasty. The city's first mosque, [[Songjiang Mosque]], was built during the Zhizheng ({{lang|zh|至正}}) era under [[Toghon Temür|Emperor Huizong]] (reigned 1333 – 1368). Shanghai's [[Muslim]] population increased in the 19th and early 20th centuries (when the city was a treaty port), during which time many mosques—including the [[Xiaotaoyuan Mosque]], the [[Huxi Mosque]], and the [[Pudong Mosque]]—were built. The Shanghai Islamic Association is located in the Xiaotaoyuan Mosque in Huangpu.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mzzj.sh.gov.cn/mzw/zj-yisilan/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023041825/http://mzzj.sh.gov.cn/mzw/zj-yisilan/|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 October 2019|script-title=zh:上海市伊斯兰教概|trans-title=An overview of Islam in Shanghai|date=19 September 2003|access-date=23 October 2019|work=Shanghai Ethnic and Religions|language=zh}}</ref> According to the sixth [[Census in China|census of China]] in 2010, there are an estimated 85,000 Muslims in Shanghai, compared from 20,000 in 1949 and 7,000 in 1936.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Muslim in Shanghai: Muslim Population, Market, Restaurant, Mosques |url=https://www.topchinatravel.com/china-muslim/muslim-in-shanghai.htm |access-date=2024-07-08 |website=www.topchinatravel.com |archive-date=3 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211103010301/https://www.topchinatravel.com/china-muslim/muslim-in-shanghai.htm |url-status=live}}</ref>

Shanghai has several folk religious temples, including the City God Temple at the heart of the Old City, the [[Dajing Ge Pavilion]] dedicated to the Three Kingdoms general [[Guan Yu]], the [[Confucian Temple of Shanghai]], and a major Taoist center {{ill|Shanghai White Cloud Temple|lt=|zh|海上白云观}} where the Shanghai Taoist Association locates.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.shtong.gov.cn/Newsite/node2/node71994/node81772/node81777/node81790/userobject1ai109134.html|script-title=zh:海上道教名观：白云观|trans-title=Shanghai's famous taoism temple: Shanghai White Cloud Temple|date=27 October 2009|access-date=24 October 2019|work=Office of Shanghai Chronicles|language=zh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616204742/http://shtong.gov.cn/Newsite/node2/node71994/node81772/node81777/node81790/userobject1ai109134.html|archive-date=16 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>