Editing Sex-determination system (section)

=== Cytoplasmic sex determination ===
The ''[[Wolbachia]]'' genus of parasitic bacteria lives inside the cytoplasm of its host, and is [[Vertically transmitted infection|vertically transmitted]] from parents to children. They primarily infect arthropods and nematodes. Different ''Wolbachia'' can [[Wolbachia#Method of sexual differentiation in hosts|alter the reproductive abilities]] of its host by a variety of means, including cytoplasmic incompatibility, parthenogenesis, feminization and embryonic male killing.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Stevens |first1=Lori |last2=Giordano |first2=Rosanna |last3=Fialho |first3=Roberto F. |date=November 2001 |title=Male-Killing, Nematode Infections, Bacteriophage Infection, and Virulence of Cytoplasmic Bacteria in the Genus Wolbachia |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.32.081501.114132 |journal=Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics |language=en |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=519–545 |doi=10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.32.081501.114132 |issn=0066-4162}}</ref>

''[[Cytoplasmic male sterility|Mitochondrial male sterility]]'': In many flowering plants, the mitochondria can cause hermaphrodite individuals to be unable to father offspring, effectively turning them into exclusive females. This is a form of [[Mother's curse|mother’s curse]]. It is an evolutionarily adaptive strategy for mitochondria as mitochondria are inherited exclusively from mother to offspring.<ref name="Bachtrog-2014" /> The first published case of mitochondrial male sterility among metazoans was reported in 2022 in the hermaphroditic snail ''[[Physa acuta]]''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=David |first1=Patrice |last2=Degletagne |first2=Cyril |last3=Saclier |first3=Nathanaëlle |last4=Jennan |first4=Aurel |last5=Jarne |first5=Philippe |last6=Plénet |first6=Sandrine |last7=Konecny |first7=Lara |last8=François |first8=Clémentine |last9=Guéguen |first9=Laurent |last10=Garcia |first10=Noéline |last11=Lefébure |first11=Tristan |last12=Luquet |first12=Emilien |date=May 2022 |title=Extreme mitochondrial DNA divergence underlies genetic conflict over sex determination |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0960982222005838 |journal=Current Biology |language=en |volume=32 |issue=10 |pages=2325–2333.e6 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2022.04.014}}</ref>