Editing Racial segregation (section)

=== Malaysia ===
{{Main|Bumiputra|Ketuanan Melayu}}
[[File:Himpunan Bantah ICERD - Pandangan Drone.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Thousands of Malaysian Malay ''bumiputeras'' protesting against the ratification of ICERD.]]
[[Malaysia]] has an [[Article 153 of the Constitution of Malaysia|article in its constitution]] which distinguishes the ethnic Malays and the non-ethnic Malays people—i.e. [[bumiputra]]—from the non-Bumiputra such as ethnic [[Malaysian Chinese|Chinese]] and [[Malaysian Indian|Indians]], among others, under the [[social contract (Malaysia)|social contract]], of which by law would guarantee the former certain special rights and privileges. To question these rights and privileges is strictly prohibited under the [[Internal Security Act 1960|Internal Security Act]] (ISA), legalised by the 10th Article (IV) of the Constitution of Malaysia.{{CN|date=April 2025}} In essence, non-Malays are treated as [[second-class citizens]] in Malaysia, facing many roadblocks and discrimination in matters such as [[economic freedom]], [[education]], [[healthcare]] and [[housing]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Chew |first1=Amy |url=https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/malaysia-s-dangerous-racial-and-religious-trajectory |publisher=Lowy Institute |website=Interpreter |date=25 Sep 2019 |title=Malaysia's dangerous racial and religious trajectory |access-date=11 November 2021 |archive-date=26 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190926214427/https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/malaysia-s-dangerous-racial-and-religious-trajectory |url-status=live }}</ref>

Malaysia is also not a signatory of the [[International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination]] (ICERD), one of the only few countries in the world not to do so. A possible ratification in 2018 led to an [[2018 anti-ICERD rally|anti-ICERD mass rally]] by Malay supremacists at the country's capital to prevent it, threatening a racial conflict if it does happen.<ref>{{cite web |title=PAS and Umno to hold anti-Icerd rally in KL on Dec 8 |url=https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/452368 |publisher=[[Malaysiakini]] |access-date=17 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181117153030/https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/452368 |archive-date=17 November 2018 |date=17 November 2018}}</ref>

The privileges mentioned herein covers—few of which—the economical and education aspects of Malaysians, e.g. the [[Malaysian New Economic Policy]]; an economic policy criticised by Thierry Rommel, who headed a European Commission's delegation to Malaysia, as an excuse for "significant protectionism"<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 June 2007 |title=Malaysia fury at EU envoy remarks |work=BBC News |department=Asia-Pacific |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/6237328.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813124337/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/6237328.stm |archive-date= Aug 13, 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=John Lee Ming Keong |date=25 June 2007 |title=Apartheid and Protectionism, Internal Issues? |url=http://www.infernalramblings.com/articles/Malaysian_Politics/496/ |publisher=Infernal ramblings |access-date=22 January 2008 |archive-date=18 November 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071118005803/http://www.infernalramblings.com/articles/Malaysian_Politics/496/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> and a quota maintaining higher access of Malays into public universities.

Such racial segregation policies have caused significant rates of [[human capital flight]] (brain drain) from Malaysia. A study by [[Stanford University]] highlighted that among the main factors behind the Malaysian brain drain include social injustice. It stated that the high rates of emigration of non-bumiputera Malaysians from the country is driven by discriminatory policies that appear to favour Malays/Bumiputeras—such as providing exclusive additional assistance in starting businesses and educational opportunities.<ref>{{cite web |title=Putting the Malaysian diaspora into perspective |url=https://cs.stanford.edu/people/eroberts/cs181/projects/2010-11/BrainDrain/Malaysia.html |website=cs.stanford.edu |publisher=Stanford University |access-date=15 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018010359/https://cs.stanford.edu/people/eroberts/cs181/projects/2010-11/BrainDrain/Malaysia.html|archive-date=18 October 2014}}</ref>