Editing Pandemic (section)

== Economic consequences ==
In 2016, the commission on a Global Health Risk Framework for the Future estimated that pandemic disease events would cost the global economy over $6 trillion in the 21st century—over $60 billion per year.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nam.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Neglected-Dimension-of-Global-Security.pdf|title=Global Health Risk Framework—The Neglected Dimension of Global Security: A Framework to Counter Infectious Disease Crises|date=16 January 2016|publisher=National Academy of Medicine|access-date=2 August 2016}}</ref> The same report recommended spending $4.5 billion annually on global prevention and response capabilities to reduce the threat posed by pandemic events, a figure that the World Bank Group raised to $13 billion in a 2019 report.<ref name=WBG2019>{{cite book |last=World Bank Group |date=September 2019 |title=Pandemic Preparedness Financing. Status Update |url=https://apps.who.int/gpmb/assets/thematic_papers/tr-4.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200301034712/https://apps.who.int/gpmb/assets/thematic_papers/tr-4.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 March 2020 |location=Washington |publisher=World Bank Group}}</ref> It has been suggested that such costs be paid from a tax on aviation rather than from, e.g., income taxes,<ref name=socarxiv2020>{{cite journal |vauthors=Pueyo S |date=12 May 2020 |title=Jevons' paradox and a tax on aviation to prevent the next pandemic |journal=SocArXiv |doi=10.31235/osf.io/vb5q3|s2cid=219809283 |url=http://osf.io/vb5q3/ }}</ref> given the crucial role of air traffic in transforming local epidemics into pandemics (being the only factor considered in state-of-the-art models of long-range disease transmission <ref name=natcomm2018>{{cite journal | vauthors = Wang L, Wu JT | title = Characterizing the dynamics underlying global spread of epidemics | journal = Nature Communications | volume = 9 | issue = 1 | pages = 218 | date = January 2018 | pmid = 29335536 | pmc = 5768765 | doi = 10.1038/s41467-017-02344-z | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2018NatCo...9..218W }}</ref>).

The COVID-19 pandemic is expected to have a profound [[COVID-19 recession|negative effect on the global economy]], potentially for years to come, with substantial drops in GDP accompanied by increases in unemployment noted around the world.<ref name="ACAIM-WACEM COVID-19 Consensus Paper"/> The slowdown of economic activity early in the COVID-19 pandemic had a profound effect on emissions of pollutants and greenhouse gases.<ref>{{cite journal |doi-access=free|doi=10.1038/s41558-020-0797-x|title=Temporary reduction in daily global CO<sub>2</sub> emissions during the COVID-19 forced confinement|year=2020| vauthors = Le Quéré C, Jackson RB, Jones MW, Smith AJ, Abernethy S, Andrew RM, De-Gol AJ, Willis DR, Shan Y, Canadell JG, Friedlingstein P | display-authors = 6 |journal=Nature Climate Change|volume=10|issue=7|pages=647–653|bibcode=2020NatCC..10..647L|hdl=10871/122774|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2020/04/pollution-made-the-pandemic-worse-but-lockdowns-clean-the-sky/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200409073134/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2020/04/pollution-made-the-pandemic-worse-but-lockdowns-clean-the-sky/|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 April 2020|title=Pollution made COVID-19 worse. Now, lockdowns are clearing the air|date=8 April 2020|work=National Geographic Magazine|access-date=22 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bauwens M, Compernolle S, Stavrakou T, Müller JF, van Gent J, Eskes H, Levelt PF, van der Veefkind JP, Vlietinck J, Yu H, Zehner C | display-authors = 6 | title = Impact of Coronavirus Outbreak on NO<sub>2</sub> Pollution Assessed Using TROPOMI and OMI Observations | journal = Geophysical Research Letters | volume = 47 | issue = 11 | pages = e2020GL087978 | date = June 2020 | pmid = 32836515 | pmc = 7261997 | doi = 10.1029/2020GL087978 | bibcode = 2020GeoRL..4787978B | doi-access = free }}</ref> Analysis of ice cores taken from the Swiss Alps has revealed a reduction in atmospheric lead pollution over a four-year period corresponding to the years 1349 to 1353 (when the Black Death was ravaging Europe), indicating a reduction in mining and economic activity generally.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.popsci.com/black-death-plague-air-pollution/|title=The Black Death helped reveal how long humans have polluted the planet|date=25 September 2017|work=Popular Science Magazine|access-date=22 June 2020}}</ref>