Editing Marshall Plan (section)

==Areas excluded==
Large parts of the world devastated by World War II did not benefit from the Marshall Plan. The only major Western European nation excluded was Spain, [[Francoist Spain|whose regime]] under [[Francisco Franco]] was highly unpopular in Washington. With the escalation of the Cold War, the United States reconsidered its position and in 1951 embraced Spain as an ally since it was encouraged by Franco's aggressive [[anti-communist]] policies. Over the next decade, a considerable amount of American aid would go to Spain but less than its neighbors had received under the Marshall Plan.{{sfn|Crafts|Toniolo|1996|p=363}}

The Soviet Union had been as badly affected as any other part of the world by the war. The Soviets imposed large [[war reparations|reparations]] payments on the Axis allies that were in its sphere of influence. [[Austria]], [[Finland]], [[Hungary]], [[Romania]], and especially [[East Germany]] were forced to pay vast sums and ship large amounts of supplies to the Soviet Union. Those reparation payments meant the Soviet Union itself received about the same as 16 European countries received in total from Marshall Plan aid.{{sfn|Zwass|1989|p=16}}

In accordance with the agreements with the Soviet Union, shipment of dismantled German industrial installations from the west began on March 31, 1946. Under the terms of the agreement, the Soviet Union would in return ship raw materials such as food and timber to the western zones. In view of the Soviet failure to do so, the western zones halted the shipments east, ostensibly on a temporary basis, although they were never resumed. It was later shown that the main reason for halting shipments east was not the behavior of the Soviet Union but rather the recalcitrant behavior of France.{{sfn|Gimbel |1975}} Examples of material received by the Soviets were equipment from the [[Kugel-Fischer]] ballbearing plant at [[Schweinfurt]], the [[Daimler-Benz]] underground aircraft-engine plant at [[Obrigheim]], the [[Deschimag]] shipyards at [[Bremen-Weser]], and the [[Gendorf powerplant]].{{sfnm|U. S. Analysis of Soviet Note|1957|1p=|Potsdam Reparations Begin|1946|2p=}}

The Soviets established [[COMECON]] as a riposte to the Marshall Plan to deliver aid for Eastern Bloc countries, but that was complicated by the Soviet efforts to manage their own recovery from the war. The members of Comecon looked to the Soviet Union for oil and in turn provided machinery, equipment, agricultural goods, industrial goods, and consumer goods to the Soviet Union. Economic recovery in the East was much slower than in the West, resulting in the formation of the [[shortage economy|shortage economies]] and a gap in wealth between East and West. Finland, which the Soviets forbade from joining the Marshall Plan and was required to give large reparations to the Soviets, saw its economy recover to pre-war levels in 1947.{{citation needed|date=September 2021}}<!-- Previous citation's source was blacklisted by Wikipedia --> France, which received billions of dollars through the Marshall Plan, similarly saw its average income per person return to almost pre-war level by 1949.{{sfn|De Long|Eichengreen|1993|p=202}} By mid-1948 industrial production in Poland, Hungary, [[Bulgaria]], and [[Czechoslovakia]] had recovered to a level somewhat above pre-war level.{{sfn|Warriner|1949|pp=157–67}}

===Aid to Asia===
From the end of the war to the end of 1953, the US provided grants and credits amounting to $5.9 billion to Asian countries, especially the Republic of China (Taiwan) ($1.051 billion), India ($255 million), Indonesia ($215 million), Japan ($2.444 billion), South Korea ($894 million), Pakistan ($98 million) and the Philippines ($803 million). In addition, another $282 million went to Israel and $196 million to the rest of the Middle East.{{efn-ua|name=census|All data from the official document: U.S. Bureau of the Census, ''Statistical Abstract of the United States: 1954'' (1955) table 1075 pp. 899–902 [http://www2.census.gov/prod2/statcomp/documents/1954.zip online edition file 1954-08.pdf]}} All this aid was separate from the Marshall Plan.{{sfn|Price|1955|pp=179–219}}

===Canada===
Canada's infrastructure was damaged little by the war, as most of the war was fought in Europe, Asia, and the Pacific. In 1948, the US allowed ERP aid to be used to buy goods from Canada. In its first two years of operation, ERP funded over one billion dollars' worth of trade with Canada.{{sfn|Bothwell|1998|p=58}}

===World total===
The total of American grants and loans to the world from 1945 to 1953 came to $44.3 billion.{{efn-ua|name=census}}