Editing Mark Antony (section)

===Antony and Cleopatra===
{{further|Early life of Cleopatra VII|Reign of Cleopatra VII}}
Meanwhile, in Rome, the triumvirate was no more. Octavian forced Lepidus to resign after the older triumvir attempted to take control of Sicily after the defeat of Sextus. Now in sole power, Octavian was occupied in wooing the aristocracy to his side. He married [[Livia]] and started to attack Antony. He argued that Antony was a man of low morals to have left his faithful wife abandoned in Rome with the children to be with the promiscuous queen of Egypt. Several times Antony was summoned to Rome, but remained in Alexandria with Cleopatra.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Boatwright |first=Mary |title=The Romans From Village to Empire |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2012 |isbn=978-0199735075 |location=New York |pages=269–271}}</ref>

[[Image:Donations of Alexandria 34BC.gif|thumb|upright=1.5|A [[map]] of the ''[[Donations of Alexandria]]'' (by Mark Antony to Cleopatra and her children) in 34 BC.
{{legend|#81EE5B|Unallotted Roman territory}}{{legend|#27c600|Donations to Cleopatra's Children}}{{legend|#1a8000|Cleopatra's Original Kingdom}}]]

Again with Egyptian money, Antony invaded Armenia, this time successfully. In the return, a mock [[Roman triumph]] was celebrated in the streets of Alexandria. The parade through the city was a [[pastiche]] of Rome's most important military celebration. For the finale, the whole city was summoned to hear a very important political statement. Surrounded by Cleopatra and her children, Antony ended his alliance with Octavian.

He distributed kingdoms among his children: [[Alexander Helios]] was named king of [[Armenia]], [[Medes|Media]] and [[Parthia]] (territories which were not for the most part under the control of Rome), his twin [[Cleopatra Selene II|Cleopatra Selene]] got [[Cyrenaica]] and [[Libya]], and the young [[Ptolemy Philadelphus (Cleopatra)|Ptolemy Philadelphus]] was awarded Syria and [[Cilicia]]. As for Cleopatra, she was proclaimed Queen of Kings and Queen of Egypt, to rule with [[Caesarion]] (Ptolemy XV Caesar, son of Cleopatra by Julius Caesar), King of Kings and King of Egypt. Most important of all, Caesarion was declared legitimate son and heir of Caesar. These proclamations were known as the ''[[Donations of Alexandria]]'' and caused a fatal breach in Antony's relations with Rome.

While the distribution of nations among Cleopatra's children was hardly a conciliatory gesture, it did not pose an immediate threat to Octavian's political position. Far more dangerous was the acknowledgment of Caesarion as legitimate and heir to Caesar's name. Octavian's base of power was his link with Caesar through [[Adoption in Rome|adoption]], which granted him much-needed popularity and loyalty of the legions. To see this convenient situation attacked by a child borne by the richest woman in the world was something Octavian could not accept. The triumvirate expired on the last day of 33&nbsp;BC and was not renewed. Another civil war was beginning.

During 33 and 32 BC, a propaganda war was fought in the political arena of Rome, with accusations flying between sides. Antony (in Egypt) divorced Octavia and accused Octavian of being a social upstart, of usurping power, and of forging the adoption papers by Caesar. Octavian responded with treason charges: of illegally keeping provinces that should be given to other men by [[Cleromancy|lots]], as was Rome's tradition, and of starting wars against foreign nations (Armenia and Parthia) without the consent of the senate.

Antony was also held responsible for [[Sextus Pompey]]'s execution without a trial. In 32 BC, the senate deprived him of his powers and declared war against Cleopatra – not Antony, because Octavian had no wish to advertise his role in perpetuating Rome's internecine bloodshed. Octavian and other Roman Senators believed that turning the hostilities towards Cleopatra as the villain would gather the most support from Romans for war. Contributing to this would be the years of propaganda against Cleopatra published by the Romans, dating back to the days of Julius Caesar. Octavian, informed of Antony's will by two Antonian defectors, sacrilegiously raided the [[Temple of Vesta]] to secure it. The will, which some modern scholars have suggested was partially forged – largely on legal grounds – is never so described in the ancient sources. Octavian's publication of the will's provisions, which named Antony and Cleopatra's children as heirs and directed his burial in Alexandria, was used as a political weapon in Rome to declare war against Cleopatra and Egypt as a whole.<ref>Supporting authenticity: {{Cite journal |last=Johnson |first=John Robert |date=1978 |title=The authenticity and validity of Antony's will |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41651325 |journal=L'Antiquité Classique |volume=47 |issue=2 |pages=494–503 |doi=10.3406/antiq.1978.1908 |jstor=41651325 |issn=0770-2817 |access-date=13 January 2023 |archive-date=13 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230113185018/https://www.jstor.org/stable/41651325 |url-status=live }} Against authenticity: {{Cite journal |last=Sirianni |first=Frank A |date=1984 |title=Was Antony's will partially forged? |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41657427 |journal=L'Antiquité Classique |volume=53 |pages=236–241 |doi=10.3406/antiq.1984.2126 |jstor=41657427 |issn=0770-2817 |access-date=13 January 2023 |archive-date=13 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230113185018/https://www.jstor.org/stable/41657427 |url-status=live }} Dio. 50.20.7.</ref> This was the perfect summation of their attacks on the woman Antony loved and they believed threatened their republic. Both consuls, [[Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus (consul 32 BC)|Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus]] and [[Gaius Sosius]] (both Antony's men), and a third of the senate abandoned Rome to meet Antony and Cleopatra in Greece.

[[Image:Castro Battle of Actium.jpg|thumb|''The Battle of Actium'' (1672) by [[Laureys a Castro]] ([[National Maritime Museum]], London)]]
In 31&nbsp;BC, the war started. Octavian's general [[Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa]] captured the Greek city and naval port of [[Methoni, Messenia|Methone]], loyal to Antony. The enormous popularity of Octavian with the legions secured the defection of the provinces of Cyrenaica and Greece to his side. On 2 September, the naval [[Battle of Actium]] took place. Antony and Cleopatra's navy was overwhelmed, and they were forced to escape to Egypt with 60 ships.