Editing Major depressive disorder (section)

===Life expectancy and the risk of suicide===
Depressed individuals have a shorter [[life expectancy]] than those without depression, in part because people who are depressed are at risk of dying of suicide.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Cassano P, Fava M |title=Depression and public health: an overview |journal=Journal of Psychosomatic Research |volume=53 |issue=4 |pages=849–57 |date=October 2002 |pmid=12377293 |doi=10.1016/S0022-3999(02)00304-5 }}</ref> About 50% of people who die of suicide have a [[mood disorder]] such as major depression, and the risk is especially high if a person has a marked sense of hopelessness or has both depression and [[borderline personality disorder]].{{sfn|Barlow|Durand|2005|pp=248–49}}<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Bachmann S |title=Epidemiology of Suicide and the Psychiatric Perspective |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |date=6 July 2018 |volume=15 |issue=7 |page=1425 |doi=10.3390/ijerph15071425 |pmid=29986446|pmc=6068947 |quote=Half of all completed suicides are related to depressive and other mood disorders|doi-access=free }}</ref> About 2–8% of adults with major depression die by [[suicide]].<ref name="z273">{{cite journal |last1=Arnone |first1=Danilo |last2=Karmegam |first2=Sendhil Raj |last3=Östlundh |first3=Linda |last4=Alkhyeli |first4=Fatima |last5=Alhammadi |first5=Lamia |last6=Alhammadi |first6=Shama |last7=Alkhoori |first7=Amal |last8=Selvaraj |first8=Sudhakar |title=Risk of suicidal behavior in patients with major depression and bipolar disorder – A systematic review and meta-analysis of registry-based studies |journal=Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews |volume=159 |date=2024 |doi=10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105594 |doi-access=free |page=105594|pmid=38368970 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Strakowski S, Nelson E |title=Major Depressive Disorder |date=2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-026432-1 |page=PT27 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nD8FCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT27 }}</ref> In the US, the lifetime risk of suicide associated with a diagnosis of major depression is estimated at 7% for men and 1% for women,<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Blair-West GW, Mellsop GW |title=Major depression: does a gender-based down-rating of suicide risk challenge its diagnostic validity? |journal=The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=322–28 |date=June 2001 |pmid=11437805 |doi=10.1046/j.1440-1614.2001.00895.x |s2cid=36975913 }}</ref> even though suicide attempts are more frequent in women.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Oquendo MA, Bongiovi-Garcia ME, Galfalvy H, et al |title=Sex differences in clinical predictors of suicidal acts after major depression: a prospective study |journal=The American Journal of Psychiatry |volume=164 |issue=1 |pages=134–41 |date=January 2007 |pmid=17202555 |pmc=3785095 |doi=10.1176/ajp.2007.164.1.134 }}</ref>

Depressed people also have a higher [[mortality rate|rate of dying]] from other causes.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Rush AJ |title=The varied clinical presentations of major depressive disorder |journal=The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry |volume=68 |issue=Supplement 8 |pages=4–10 |year=2007 |pmid=17640152 }}</ref> There is a 1.5- to 2-fold increased risk of [[cardiovascular disease]], independent of other known risk factors, and is itself linked directly or indirectly to risk factors such as smoking and obesity. People with major depression are less likely to follow medical recommendations for treating and preventing [[cardiovascular disorders]], further increasing their risk of medical complications.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Swardfager W, Herrmann N, Marzolini S, et al |title=Major depressive disorder predicts completion, adherence, and outcomes in cardiac rehabilitation: a prospective cohort study of 195 patients with coronary artery disease |journal=The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry |volume=72 |issue=9 |pages=1181–88 |date=September 2011 |pmid=21208573 |doi=10.4088/jcp.09m05810blu}}</ref> [[Cardiologists]] may not recognize underlying depression that complicates a cardiovascular problem under their care.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Schulman J, Shapiro BA|year=2008|journal=Psychiatric Times|volume=25|issue=9|title=Depression and Cardiovascular Disease: What Is the Correlation?|url=http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/depression/article/10168/1171821|access-date=10 June 2009|archive-date=6 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200306051101/http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/depression/article/10168/1171821}}</ref>