Editing Lviv (section)

===Jewish population===
The first known Jews in Lviv date back to the tenth century.<ref name="erasedvanishingtraces">{{cite book |last1=Bartov |first1=Omer |title=Erased: Vanishing Traces of Jewish Galicia in Present-Day Ukraine |date=2007 |publisher=Princeton University Press |location=Princeton, New Jersey |isbn=9780691131214 |oclc=123912559 |pages=13–41}}</ref> The oldest remaining Jewish tombstone dates back to 1348.<ref name="erasedvanishingtraces"/> Apart from the Rabbanite Jews there were many [[Crimean Karaites|Karaites]] who had settled in the city after coming from the East and from [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantium]]. After Casimir III conquered Lviv in 1349 the Jewish citizens received many privileges equal to that of other citizens of Poland. Lviv had two separate [[Jewish quarter (diaspora)|Jewish quarters]], one within the city walls and one outside on the outskirts of the city. Each had its separate [[synagogue]], although they shared a cemetery, which was also used by the [[Crimean Karaite]] community. Before 1939 there were 97 synagogues.

Before the [[The Holocaust|Holocaust]] about one-third of the city's population was made up of Jews (more than 140,000 on the eve of World War II). This number swelled to about 240,000 by the end of 1940 as tens of thousands of Jews fled from the [[Occupation of Poland (1939–1945)|Nazi-occupied parts]] of Poland into the relative (and temporary) sanctuary of Soviet-occupied Poland (including Lviv) following the [[Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact]] that divided Poland into Nazi and Soviet zones in 1939. Most of the Jewish population was killed in the Holocaust. Meanwhile, the Nazis also destroyed the Jewish cemetery, which was subsequently "paved over by the Soviets".<ref name="erasedvanishingtraces"/>

Due to the Holocaust and migration, the original Jewish population of the city all but vanished. After the war, the remnant was replenished by a newer Jewish population, formed from among the hundreds of thousands of Russians and Ukrainians who migrated to the city. The post-war Jewish population peaked at 30,000 in the 1970s. Currently, the Jewish population has shrunk considerably as a result of [[emigration]] (mainly to Israel and the United States) and, to a lesser degree, [[Jewish assimilation|assimilation]], and is estimated to number a few thousand.<ref>{{cite web |title=L'viv entry |url=https://yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/lviv#id0e2jbk |access-date=18 November 2022 |archive-date=18 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118135400/https://yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/lviv#id0e2jbk |url-status=live }}</ref> A number of organisations continue to be active.
[[File:Стінопис-привид вул Тиктора Львів.jpg|thumb|Dairy store ''"[[:pl:mleczarnia|mleczarnia]]"'' adverts. One can still find pre-war Polish, Yiddish, and German [[ghost signs]] around the city.]]
The [[Sholem Aleichem]] Jewish Culture Society in Lviv initiated the construction of a monument to the victims of the [[ghetto]] in 1988. On 23 August 1992, the memorial complex to the victims of the Lwów ghetto (1941–1943) was officially opened.<ref>{{cite web |title=Memorial for the Lwów Ghetto Victims |url=http://www.lvivcenter.org/en/lia/description?ci_objectid=224 |publisher=Center for Urban History of East Central Europe |access-date=11 February 2016 |archive-date=1 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501193308/http://www.lvivcenter.org/en/lia/description?ci_objectid=224 |url-status=live }}</ref> During 2011–2012, some [[Antisemitism|antisemitic]] acts against the memorial took place. On 20 March 2011, it was reported that the slogan "death to the Jews" with a [[swastika]] was sprayed on the monument.<ref>{{cite web |title=Near Lviv desecrated monument to Holocaust victims |url=http://jn.com.ua/Antisemitism/lvov_1703.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110421022626/http://jn.com.ua/Antisemitism/lvov_1703.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 April 2011 |publisher=JewishNews.com.ua |access-date=20 October 2012}}</ref> On 21 March 2012, the memorial was vandalized by unknown individuals, in what seemed to be an [[Antisemitism|antisemitic]] act.<ref>{{cite web |title=Львовский мемориал жертвам Холокоста во Львове осквернили. ФОТО |url=http://polemika.com.ua/news-85154.html |publisher=ДемотиваторыДемотиваторы Редакция не несет ответственности за содержание и |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324111203/http://polemika.com.ua/news-85154.html |archive-date=24 March 2012}}</ref>