Editing Latin declension (section)

== Pronouns ==

=== Personal pronouns ===
The first and second persons are irregular, and both pronouns are indeclinable for gender; and the third person reflexive pronoun sē, suī always refers back to the subject, regardless of whether the subject is singular or plural.

{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="3" |
! colspan="2" | First Person
! colspan="2" | Second Person
! colspan="2" | Third Person
|-
! colspan="2" | {{wikt-lang|la|ego|ego}}, {{wikt-lang|la|nos|nōs}}<br />I, we
! colspan="2" | {{wikt-lang|la|tu|tū}}, {{wikt-lang|la|vos|vōs}}<br />you
! colspan="2" | {{wikt-lang|la|se|sē, suī}}<br />himself, herself, itself,<br>oneself,<br>themselves
|-
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
|-
!Vocative
| colspan="2" |—
| rowspan="2" |tū
| rowspan="3" |vōs
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |—
|-
! Nominative
| ego<br />egō || rowspan="2" | nōs 
|-
! Accusative
| mē || tē || colspan="2" | sē<br />sēsē
|-
! Genitive<br>complements
| meī || nostrī || tuī || vestrī || colspan="2" | suī
|-
!Genitive [[partitive]]
|—
|nostrum
|—
|vestrum
| colspan="2" |—
|-
! Dative
| mihi<br />mihī || rowspan="2" | nōbīs || tibi<br />tibī || rowspan="2" | vōbīs || colspan="2" | sibi<br />sibī
|-
! Ablative
| mē || tē || colspan="2" | sē<br />sēsē
|}

The genitive forms {{wikt-lang|la|meī}}, {{wikt-lang|la|tuī}}, {{wikt-lang|la|nostrī}}, {{wikt-lang|la|vestrī}}, {{wikt-lang|la|suī}} are used as complements in certain grammatical constructions, whereas {{wikt-lang|la|nostrum}}, {{wikt-lang|la|vestrum}} are used with a [[partitive]] meaning ('[one] of us', '[one] of you'). To express possession, the possessive pronouns (essentially adjectives) {{wikt-lang|la|meus}}, {{wikt-lang|la|tuus}}, {{wikt-lang|la|noster}}, {{wikt-lang|la|vester}} are used, declined in the first and second declensions to agree in number and case with the thing possessed, e.g. {{lang|la|pater meus}} 'my father', {{lang|la|māter mea}} 'my mother'. The vocative singular masculine of {{lang|la|meus}} is {{lang|la|mī}}: {{lang|la|mī Attice}} 'my dear Atticus'.<ref>[[Cicero]], ''[[Epistulae ad Atticum]]'' 6.1.20 etc.</ref>

==== Possessive pronouns' declensions ====
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="3" |
! colspan="6" | {{wikt-lang|la|meus|meus, mea, meum}}<br /> my, mine
|-
! colspan="3" | Singular
! colspan="3" | Plural
|-
! Masculine
! Feminine
! Neuter
! Masculine
! Feminine
! Neuter
|-
! Nominative
| meus || rowspan="2" | mea || rowspan="3" | meum || rowspan="2" | meī || rowspan="2" | meae || rowspan="3" | mea
|-
! Vocative
| mī
(& meus)
|-
! Accusative
| meum || meam || meōs || meās
|-
! Genitive
| meī || rowspan="2" | meae || meī || meōrum || meārum || meōrum
|-
! Dative
| rowspan="2" | meō || rowspan="2" | meō || rowspan="2" colspan="3" | meīs
|-
! Ablative
| meā
|}
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="3" |
! colspan="6" | {{wikt-lang|la|tuus|tuus, tua, tuum}}<br /> your, yours (for singular possessor)
|-
! colspan="3" | Singular
! colspan="3" | Plural
|-
! Masculine
! Feminine
! Neuter
! Masculine
! Feminine
! Neuter
|-
! Nominative
|tuus ||tua || rowspan="2" | tuum ||tuī ||tuae || rowspan="2" | tua
|-
! Accusative
| tuum || tuam || tuōs || tuās
|-
! Genitive
| tuī || rowspan="2" | tuae || tuī || tuōrum || tuārum || tuōrum
|-
! Dative
| rowspan="2" | tuō || rowspan="2" | tuō || rowspan="2" colspan="3" | tuīs
|-
! Ablative
| tuā
|}
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="3" |
! colspan="6" | {{wikt-lang|la|suus|suus, sua, suum}}<br /> his, her, its, theirs (reflexive)
|-
! colspan="3" | Singular
! colspan="3" | Plural
|-
! Masculine
! Feminine
! Neuter
! Masculine
! Feminine
! Neuter
|-
! Nominative
| rowspan="2" |suus ||  rowspan="2" |sua || rowspan="3" | suum || rowspan="2" |suī ||  rowspan="2" |suae || rowspan="3" | sua
|-
! Vocative
|-
! Accusative
| suum || suam || suōs || suās
|-
! Genitive
| suī || rowspan="2" | suae || suī || suōrum || suārum || suōrum
|-
! Dative
| rowspan="2" | suō || rowspan="2" | suō || rowspan="2" colspan="3" | suīs
|-
! Ablative
| suā
|}
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="3" |
! colspan="6" | {{wikt-lang|la|noster|noster, nostra, nostrum}}<br /> our, ours
|-
! colspan="3" | Singular
! colspan="3" | Plural
|-
! Masculine
! Feminine
! Neuter
! Masculine
! Feminine
! Neuter
|-
! Nominative, Vocative
|noster ||nostra || rowspan="2" | nostrum ||nostrī ||nostrae || rowspan="2" | nostra
|-
! Accusative
| nostrum || nostram || nostrōs || nostrās
|-
! Genitive
| nostrī || rowspan="2" | nostrae || nostrī || nostrōrum || nostrārum || nostrōrum
|-
! Dative
| rowspan="2" | nostrō || rowspan="2" | nostrō || rowspan="2" colspan="3" | nostrīs
|-
! Ablative
| nostrā
|}

The possessive adjective {{lang|la|vester}} has an archaic variant, {{lang|la|voster}}; similar to {{lang|la|noster}}. Vocative of {{lang|la|meus}} is usually {{lang|la|mī}}, and rarely {{lang|la|meus}} also, like the nominative.
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="3" |
! colspan="6" | {{wikt-lang|la|vester|vester, vestra, vestrum}}<br >{{wikt-lang|la|voster|voster, vostra, vostrum}}<br >your, yours (for plural possessor)
|-
! colspan="3" | Singular
! colspan="3" | Plural
|-
! Masculine
! Feminine
! Neuter
! Masculine
! Feminine
! Neuter
|-
! Nominative
|vester<br >voster ||vestra<br>vostra || rowspan="2" | vestrum<br>vostrum ||vestrī<br>vostrī ||vestrae<br>vostrae || rowspan="2" | vestra<br>vostra
|-
! Accusative
| vestrum<br>vostrum || vestram<br>vostram || vestrōs<br>vostrōs || vestrās<br>vostrās
|-
! Genitive
| vestrī<br>vostrī || rowspan="2" | vestrae<br>vostrae || vestrī<br>vostrī || vestrōrum<br>vostrōrum || vestrārum<br>vostrārum || vestrōrum<br>vostrōrum
|-
! Dative
| rowspan="2" | vestrō<br>vostrō || rowspan="2" | vestrō<br>vostrō || rowspan="2" colspan="3" | vestrīs<br>vostrīs
|-
! Ablative
| vestrā<br>vostrā
|}

Usually, to show the ablative of accompaniment, {{wikt-lang|la|cum}} would be added to the ablative form. However, with personal pronouns (first and second person), the reflexive and the interrogative, ''-cum'' is added onto the end of the ablative form. That is: {{wikt-lang|la|mēcum}} 'with me', {{wikt-lang|la|nōbīscum}} 'with us', {{wikt-lang|la|tēcum}} 'with you', {{wikt-lang|la|vōbīscum}}, {{wikt-lang|la|sēcum}} and {{wikt-lang|la|quōcum}} (sometimes {{wikt-lang|la|quīcum}}).

Pronouns have also an emphatic form bi using the suffix ''-met'' ({{wikt-lang|la|egomet}}, {{wikt-lang|la|tūte}}/{{wikt-lang|la|tūtemet}}, {{wikt-lang|la|nosmet}}, {{wikt-lang|la|vosmet}}), used in all cases, except by the genitive plural forms.

In accusative case, the forms ''mēmē'' and ''tētē'' exist as emphatic, but they are not widely used.

{{wikt-lang|la|se|Sē, suī}} has a possessive adjective: {{wikt-lang|la|suus|suus, sua, suum}}, meaning 'his/her/its/their own':

:{{lang|la|Patrem '''suum''' numquam vīderat.}} ([[Cicero]])<ref>[[Cicero]], ''[[Pro Rabirio Postumo]]'' 4</ref>
:"He had never seen '''his''' [own] father."

When 'his' or 'her' refers to someone else, not the subject, the genitive pronoun {{lang|la|eius}} (as well as ''eōrum'' and ''eārum'') 'of him' is used instead of ''suus'':
:{{lang|la|Fit obviam Clodiō ante fundum '''eius'''.}} ([[Cicero]])<ref>[[Cicero]], ''[[Pro Milone]]'' 29</ref>
:"He met Clodius in front of '''the latter's''' farm."

Despite its resemblance to the possessive adjectives {{lang|la|meus, tuus}} and {{lang|la|suus}}, {{lang|la|eius}} does not decline in agreement with the noun it refers to, in the way that an adjective would. For instance, "his father" in the accusative is {{lang|la|patrem eius}} (literally, "father of him"), not {{lang|la|patrem}} ''*eium'', in contrast with the reflexive formation {{lang|la|patrem suum}} ("his [own] father").

When one sentence is embedded inside another with a different subject, ''sē'' and ''suus'' can refer to either subject:
:{{lang|la|Patrēs conscrīptī ... lēgātōs in Bīthȳniam miserunt quī ab rēge peterent, nē inimīcissimum '''suum''' '''secum''' haberet '''sibi'''que dēderet.}} ([[Cornelius Nepos|Nepos]])<ref>[[Cornelius Nepos]], ''Hannibal'' 12.2</ref>
:"The senators ... sent ambassadors to Bithynia, who were to ask the king not to keep '''their''' greatest enemy '''with him''' but hand him over '''to them'''."

For the third-person pronoun {{wikt-lang|la|is}} 'he', see below.

=== Demonstrative pronouns and adjectives ===

Relative, demonstrative and indefinite pronouns are generally declined like first and second declension adjectives, with the following differences:
* the nominatives are often irregular
* the genitive singular ends in ''-īus'' rather than ''-ae'' or ''-ī''.
* the dative singular ends in ''-ī'': rather than ''-ae'' or ''-ō''.

These differences characterize the pronominal declension, and a few special adjectives ({{wikt-lang|la|tōtus}} 'whole', {{wikt-lang|la|sōlus}} 'alone', {{wikt-lang|la|ūnus}} 'one', {{wikt-lang|la|nūllus}} 'no', {{wikt-lang|la|alius}} 'another', {{wikt-lang|la|alter}} 'another [of two]', etc.) are also declined according to this pattern.

All demonstrative, relative, and indefinite pronouns in Latin can also be used adjectivally, with some small differences; for example in the interrogative pronoun, {{wikt-lang|la|quis}} 'who?' and {{wikt-lang|la|quid}} 'what?' are usually used for the pronominal form, {{wikt-lang|la|quī}} and {{wikt-lang|la|quod}} 'which?' for the adjectival form.

===Third person pronoun===
The weak demonstrative pronoun {{wikt-lang|la|is}}, {{wikt-lang|la|ea}}, {{wikt-lang|la|id}} 'that' also serves as the third person pronoun 'he, she, it':

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! rowspan="4" |
! colspan="6" | Third person
|-
! colspan="6" | {{wikt-lang|la|is|is, ea, id}}<br />he, she, it
|-
! colspan="3" | Singular
! colspan="3" | Plural
|-
! Masculine
! Feminine
! Neuter
! Masculine
! Feminine
! Neuter
|-
! Nominative
| is || ea || rowspan="2" | id || eī<br />iī || eae || rowspan="2" | ea
|-
! Accusative
| eum || eam || eōs || eās
|-
! Genitive
| colspan="3" | eius || eōrum || eārum || eōrum
|-
! Dative
| colspan="3" | eī || rowspan="2" colspan="3" | eīs<br />iīs
|-
! Ablative
| eō || eā || eō
|}

This pronoun is also often used adjectivally, e.g. ''is homo'' 'that man', ''ea pecunia'' 'that money'. It has no possessive adjective; the genitive is used instead: ''pater eius'' 'his/her father'; ''pater eōrum'' 'their father'.

=== Declension of ''īdem'' ===
The pronoun or pronominal adjective {{wikt-lang|la|idem|īdem, eadem, idem}} means 'the same'. It is derived from ''is'' with the suffix ''-dem''. However, some forms have been [[Assimilation (linguistics)|assimilated]].

{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="3" |
! colspan="6" | {{wikt-lang|la|idem|īdem, eadem, idem}}<br />the same, same as
|-
! colspan="3" | Singular
! colspan="3" | Plural
|-
! Masculine
! Feminine
! Neuter
! Masculine
! Feminine
! Neuter
|-
! Nominative
| īdem || eadem || rowspan="2" | idem || eīdem<br />īdem<br />iīdem || eaedem || rowspan="2" | eadem
|-
! Accusative
| eundem || eandem || eōsdem || eāsdem
|-
! Genitive
| colspan="3" | eiusdem || eōrundem || eārundem || eōrundem
|-
! Dative
| colspan="3" | eīdem || colspan="3" rowspan="2" | eīsdem<br /> īsdem<br />iīsdem
|-
! Ablative
| eōdem || eādem || eōdem
|}

===Other demonstrative pronouns===

<div style="overflow:auto">
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="3" |
! colspan="6" | {{wikt-lang|la|hic|hic, haec, hoc}}<br />this, this one (proximal)
! colspan="6" | {{wikt-lang|la|ille|ille, illa, illud}}<br />that, that one (distal)
! colspan="6" | {{wikt-lang|la|iste|iste, ista, istud}}<br />that of yours (medial)
|-
! colspan="3" | Singular
! colspan="3" | Plural
! colspan="3" | Singular
! colspan="3" | Plural
! colspan="3" | Singular
! colspan="3" | Plural
|-
! Masculine
! Feminine
! Neuter
! Masculine
! Feminine
! Neuter
! Masculine
! Feminine
! Neuter
! Masculine
! Feminine
! Neuter
! Masculine
! Feminine
! Neuter
! Masculine
! Feminine
! Neuter
|-
! Nominative
| hic || haec || rowspan="2" | hoc || hī || hae || rowspan="2" | haec || ille || illa || rowspan="2" | illud || illī || illae || rowspan="2" | illa || iste || ista || rowspan="2" | istud || istī || istae || rowspan="2" | ista
|-
! Accusative
| hunc || hanc || hōs || hās || illum || illam 	|| illōs || illās || istum || istam || istōs || istās
|-
! Genitive
| colspan="3" | huius{{efn-lr|name="ViV"|Sometimes spelled ''hūius''. Here, the macron indicates that the syllable is long or [[syllable weight|heavy]], because the consonantal ''i'' between vowels is pronounced double, like ''*huiius'', and the doubled consonant makes the first syllable [[syllable weight|heavy]].{{citation needed|date=March 2016}}}} || hōrum || hārum || hōrum || colspan="3" | illīus || illōrum || illārum || illōrum || colspan="3" | istīus || istōrum || istārum || istōrum
|-
! Dative
| colspan="3" | huic || colspan="3" rowspan="2" | hīs || colspan="3" | illī || colspan="3" rowspan="2" | illīs || colspan="3" | istī || colspan="3" rowspan="2" | istīs
|-
! Ablative
| hōc || hāc || hōc || illō || illā || illō || istō || istā || istō
|}</div>
{{notelist-lr}}
Similar in declension is {{wikt-lang|la|alius|alius, alia, aliud}} 'another'.

=== Intensive pronoun ===
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="3" |
! colspan="6" | {{wikt-lang|la|ipse|ipse, ipsa, ipsum}}<br />himself, herself, itself
|-
! colspan="3" | Singular
! colspan="3" | Plural
|-
! Masculine
! Feminine
! Neuter
! Masculine
! Feminine
! Neuter
|-
! Nominative
| ipse || ipsa || rowspan="2" | ipsum || ipsī || ipsae || rowspan="2" | ipsa
|-
! Accusative
| ipsum || ipsam || ipsōs || ipsās
|-
! Genitive
| colspan="3" | ipsīus || ipsōrum || ipsārum || ipsōrum
|-
! Dative
| colspan="3" | ipsī || rowspan="2" colspan="3" | ipsīs
|-
! Ablative
| ipsō|| ipsā || ipsō
|}

=== Interrogative pronouns ===
The interrogative pronouns are used strictly for asking questions. They are distinct from the relative pronoun and the interrogative adjective (which is declined like the relative pronoun). Interrogative pronouns rarely occur in the plural. The plural interrogative pronouns are the same as the plural relative pronouns.
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Singular
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | {{wikt-lang|la|quis|quis? quid?}}<br />who?, what?
|-
! Masculine &<br />Feminine || Neuter
|-
! Nominative
| quis? || rowspan="2" | quid?
|-
! Accusative
| quem?
|-
! Genitive
| colspan="2" | cuius?{{efn-lr|name="ViV"|Sometimes spelled ''cūius''. Here, the macron indicates that the syllable is long or [[syllable weight|heavy]], because the consonantal ''i'' between vowels is pronounced double, like ''*cuiius'', and the doubled consonant makes the first syllable [[syllable weight|heavy]].{{citation needed|date=March 2016}}}}
|-
! Dative
| colspan="2" | cui?
|-
! Ablative
| colspan="2" | quō?
|}

=== Relative pronouns ===
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="3" |
! colspan="6" | {{wikt-lang|la|qui|quī, quae, quod}}<br />who, which, that
|-
! colspan="3" | Singular
! colspan="3" | Plural
|-
! Masculine
! Feminine
! Neuter
! Masculine
! Feminine
! Neuter
|-
! Nominative
| quī || quae || rowspan="2" | quod || quī || quae || rowspan="2" | quae
|-
! Accusative
| quem || quam || quōs || quās
|-
! Genitive
| colspan="3" | cuius{{efn-lr|name="ViV"|Sometimes spelled ''cūius''. Here, the macron indicates that the syllable is long or [[syllable weight|heavy]], because the consonantal ''i'' between vowels is pronounced double, like ''*cuiius'', and the doubled consonant makes the first syllable [[syllable weight|heavy]].{{citation needed|date=March 2016}}}} || quōrum ||  quārum || quōrum
|-
! Dative
| colspan="3" | cui || rowspan="2" colspan="3" | quibus
|-
! Ablative
| quō || quā || quō
|}
{{notelist-lr}}