Editing Kurds (section)

==Culture==
{{Main|Kurdish culture|Kurdish literature}}

Kurdish culture is a legacy from the various ancient peoples who shaped modern Kurds and their society. As most other Middle Eastern populations, a high degree of mutual influences between the Kurds and their neighbouring peoples are apparent. Therefore, in Kurdish culture elements of various other cultures are to be seen.
However, on the whole, Kurdish culture is closest to that of other [[Iranian peoples]], in particular those who historically had the closest geographical proximity to the Kurds, such as the [[Persian people|Persians]] and [[Lur people|Lurs]]. Kurds, for instance, also celebrate [[Newroz]] (21 March) as New Year's Day.<ref name="krelig">{{cite web|url=http://www.culturalorientation.net/kurds/krelig.html|title=Iraqi Kurds|work=culturalorientation.net|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060902043336/http://www.culturalorientation.net/kurds/krelig.html|archive-date=2 September 2006}}</ref>

===Education===

A madrasa system was used before the modern era.<ref>[http://dspace.library.uu.nl/bitstream/1874/20694/1/bruinessen_98_medreseeducationinnorthernkurdistan.pdf Medrese education in northern Kurdistan] dspace.library.uu.nl</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.academia.edu/6214338|title=Zeynelabidin Zinar, Medrese education in Northern Kurdistan|first=Martin|last=Bruinessen|journal=Les Annales de l'Autre Islam|volume=5|pages=39–58|year=1998|access-date=18 August 2017}}</ref> Mele are Islamic clerics and instructors.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2016/02/turkey-erdogan-new-kurdish-allies.html|title=Erdogan's new Kurdish allies|date=5 February 2016|website=al-monitor.com|access-date=18 August 2017}}</ref>

===Women===
{{main|Kurdish women}}
[[File:YPJ fighters shake hands with one another.jpg|thumb|[[People's Protection Units|YPG]]'s female fighters in Syria]]

In general, Kurdish women's rights and equality have improved in the 20th and 21st centuries due to progressive movements within Kurdish society. However, despite the progress, Kurdish and international women's rights organizations still report problems related to [[gender equality]], [[forced marriages]], [[honor killings]], and in Iraq's [[Erbil]], also [[female genital mutilation]] (FGM).<ref>{{cite journal|first1=Berivan A.|last1=Yasin|first2=Namir G.|last2=Al-Tawil|first3=Nazar P.|last3=Shabila|first4=Tariq S.|last4=Al-Hadithi|title=Female genital mutilation among Iraqi Kurdish women: a cross-sectional study from Erbil city|journal=BMC Public Health|volume=13|pages=809|year=2013|doi=10.1186/1471-2458-13-809|pmid=24010850|pmc=3844478|doi-access=free}}</ref>

===Folklore===
[[File:Vulpes vulpes at Eshel HaNasi4, israel.jpg|thumb|left|The [[fox]], a widely recurring character in Kurdish tales]]

The Kurds possess a rich tradition of folklore, which, until recent times, was largely transmitted by speech or song, from one generation to the next. Although some of the Kurdish writers' stories were well known throughout Kurdistan; most of the stories told and sung were only written down in the 20th and 21st centuries. Many of these are, allegedly, centuries old.

Widely varying in purpose and style, among the Kurdish folklore one will find stories about nature, [[Anthropomorphism|anthropomorphic]] animals, love, heroes and villains, [[mythological]] creatures and everyday life. A number of these mythological figures can be found in other cultures, like the [[Simurgh]] and [[Kaveh the Blacksmith]] in the broader [[Persian mythology|Iranian Mythology]], and stories of [[Shahmaran]] throughout Anatolia. Additionally, stories can be purely entertaining, or have an educational or religious aspect.<ref name="Edgecomb">Edgecomb, D. (2007). ''A Fire in My Heart: Kurdish Tales''. Westport: Libraries Unlimited, pp. 200.</ref>

Perhaps the most widely reoccurring element is the fox, which, through cunning and shrewdness triumphs over less intelligent species, yet often also meets his demise.<ref name="Edgecomb"/> Another common theme in Kurdish folklore is the origin of a tribe.

Storytellers would perform in front of an audience, sometimes consisting of an entire village. People from outside the region would travel to attend their narratives, and the storytellers themselves would visit other villages to spread their tales. These would thrive especially during winter, where entertainment was hard to find as evenings had to be spent inside.<ref name="Edgecomb"/>

Coinciding with the heterogeneous Kurdish groupings, although certain stories and elements were commonly found throughout Kurdistan, others were unique to a specific area; depending on the region, religion or dialect. The [[Kurdish Jews]] of [[Zakho]] are perhaps the best example of this; their gifted storytellers are known to have been greatly respected throughout the region, thanks to a unique oral tradition.<ref>D. Shai (2008). [https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02965657 "Changes in the oral tradition among the Jews of Kurdistan"]. Retrieved 7 July 2013.</ref> Other examples are the mythology of the [[Yezidis]],<ref>C. Alison (2006).[http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/yazidis-i-general-1 "Yazidis i. General"]. ''Encyclopædia Iranica'' Retrieved 7 July 2013.</ref> and the stories of the Dersim Kurds, which had a substantial Armenian influence.<ref>V. Arakelova. [http://english6.net/s/shahnameh-in-the-kurdish-and-armenian-oral-tradition-w18142.html "Shahnameh in the Kurdish and Armenian Oral Tradition"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518102817/http://english6.net/s/shahnameh-in-the-kurdish-and-armenian-oral-tradition-w18142.html |date=18 May 2015 }}. Retrieved 7 July 2013.</ref>

During the criminalization of the Kurdish language after the coup d'état of 1980, [[dengbêj|''dengbêj'']] (singers) and ''çîrokbêj'' (tellers) were silenced, and many of the stories had become endangered. In 1991, the language was decriminalized, yet the now highly available radios and TV's had as an effect a diminished interest in traditional storytelling.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/dec/28/kurdish-singing-storytellers-rise-dengbej "Silenced Kurdish storytellers sing again"]. ''The Guardian''. Retrieved 7 July 2013.</ref> However, a number of writers have made great strides in the preservation of these tales.

===Weaving===
[[File:Modern Bidjar rug.jpg|thumb|Modern rug from [[Bijar (city)|Bijar]]]]

Kurdish weaving is renowned throughout the world, with fine specimens of both rugs and bags. The most famous Kurdish rugs are [[Bijar rug|those from the Bijar region]], in the Kurdistan Province. Because of the unique way in which the Bijar rugs are woven, they are very stout and durable, hence their appellation as the 'Iron Rugs of Persia'. Exhibiting a wide variety, the Bijar rugs have patterns ranging from floral designs, medallions and animals to other ornaments. They generally have two [[weft]]s, and are very colorful in design.<ref name="Claremont Rug Company">J. D. Winitz '[http://www.claremontrug.com/educational-center/rugtypes/kurdish.aspx Kurdish Rugs]'. Retrieved 7 July 2013.</ref> With an increased interest in these rugs in the last century, and a lesser need for them to be as sturdy as they were, new Bijar rugs are more refined and delicate in design.

Another well-known Kurdish rug is the Senneh rug, which is regarded as the most sophisticated of the Kurdish rugs. They are especially known for their great knot density and high-quality mountain wool.<ref name="Claremont Rug Company"/> They lend their name from the region of [[Sanandaj]]. Throughout other Kurdish regions like [[Kermanshah]], [[Siirt]], [[Malatya]] and [[Bitlis]] rugs were also woven to great extent.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Eagleton|first1=W.|year=1989|title=The Emergence of a Kurdish Rug Type|journal=Oriental Rug Review|volume=9|page=5}}</ref>

Kurdish bags are mainly known from the works of one large tribe: the [[Jaff (Kurdish tribe)|Jaff]]s, living in the border area between Iran and Iraq. These Jaff bags share the same characteristics of Kurdish rugs; very colorful, stout in design, often with medallion patterns. They were especially popular in the West during the 1920s and 1930s.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hopkins|first1=M.|year=1989|title=Diamonds in the Pile|journal=Oriental Rug Review|volume=9|page=5}}</ref>

===Handicrafts===
[[File:KurdishNoble.jpg|thumb|A Kurdish nobleman bearing a [[jambiya]] dagger]]
Outside of weaving and clothing, there are many other Kurdish [[handicrafts]], which were traditionally often crafted by nomadic Kurdish tribes. These are especially well known in Iran, most notably the crafts from the [[Kermanshah]] and [[Sanandaj]] regions. Among these crafts are chess boards, talismans, jewelry, ornaments, weaponry, and instruments.{{Citation needed|date=September 2022}}

Kurdish blades include a distinct [[jambiya]], with its characteristic I-shaped hilt, and oblong blade. Generally, these possess double-edged blades, reinforced with a central ridge, a wooden, leather or silver decorated scabbard, and a horn hilt, furthermore they are often still worn decoratively by older men. Swords were made as well. Most of these blades in circulation stem from the 19th century.

Another distinct form of art from Sanandaj is 'Oroosi', a type of window where stylized wooden pieces are locked into each other, rather than being glued together. These are further decorated with coloured glass, this stems from an old belief that if light passes through a combination of seven colours it helps keep the atmosphere clean.

Among Kurdish Jews a common practice was the making of talismans, which were believed to combat illnesses and protect the wearer from malevolent spirits.

===Tattoos===
{{Main|Deq (tattoo)}}
[[File:Kurdish-Deq.jpg|thumb|alt=A woman's tattooed right hand|Kurdish woman with deq tattoo]]

Adorning the body with [[tattoo]]s (''deq'' in Kurdish) is widespread among the Kurds, even though permanent tattoos are not permissible in Sunni Islam. Therefore, these traditional tattoos are thought to derive from pre-Islamic times.<ref name="Immigration Museum">{{cite web|url=http://museumvictoria.com.au/pages/14387/kurds-in-australia-brochure.pdf?epslanguage=en|publisher=Museumvictoria.com.au|title=Immigration Museum (2010) Survival of a culture: Kurds in Australia|access-date=7 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100326153229/http://museumvictoria.com.au/pages/14387/kurds-in-australia-brochure.pdf?epslanguage=en|archive-date=26 March 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Tattoo ink is made by mixing [[soot]] with (breast) milk and the poisonous liquid from the gall bladder of an animal. The design is drawn on the skin using a thin twig and is injected under the skin using a needle. These have a wide variety of meanings and purposes, among which are protection against evil or illnesses; beauty enhancement; and the showing of tribal affiliations. [[Religious symbolism]] is also common among both traditional and modern Kurdish tattoos. Tattoos are more prevalent among women than among men, and were generally worn on feet, the chin, foreheads and other places of the body.<ref name="Immigration Museum"/><ref>W. Floor (2011) [http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/kalkubi "Ḵālkubi"] ''Encyclopædia Iranica''. Retrieved 7 July 2013.</ref>

The popularity of permanent, traditional tattoos has greatly diminished among newer generation of Kurds. However, modern tattoos are becoming more prevalent; and temporary tattoos are still being worn on special occasions (such as [[henna]], the night before a wedding) and as tribute to the cultural heritage.<ref name="Immigration Museum"/>

===Music and dance===
{{Main|Kurdish music}}
[[File:Kurdish_musicians_1890.jpg|thumb|Kurdish musicians, 1890]]
Traditionally, there are three types of Kurdish classical performers: [[Storytelling|storytellers]] (''çîrokbêj''), [[minstrel]]s (''stranbêj''), and [[bard]]s (''dengbêj''). No specific music was associated with the Kurdish princely courts. Instead, music performed in night gatherings (''şevbihêrk'') is considered classical. Several musical forms are found in this genre. Many songs are [[Epic poetry|epic]] in nature, such as the popular ''Lawiks'', heroic [[ballad]]s recounting the tales of Kurdish heroes such as [[Saladin]]. ''Heyrans'' are love ballads usually expressing the melancholy of separation and unfulfilled love. One of the first Kurdish female singers to sing ''heyrans'' is [[Chopy Fatah]], while ''Lawje'' is a form of religious music and ''Payizoks'' are songs performed during the autumn. Love songs, dance music, wedding and other celebratory songs (''dîlok/narînk''), erotic poetry, and [[work song]]s are also popular.{{Citation needed|date=September 2022}}

Throughout the Middle East, there are many prominent Kurdish artists. Most famous are [[Ibrahim Tatlises]], [[Nizamettin Arıç]], [[Ahmet Kaya]] and the [[Kamkars]]. In Europe, well-known artists are [[Darin Zanyar]], [[Sivan Perwer]], and [[Azad (rapper)|Azad]].

===Cinema===
{{Main|Kurdish cinema}}
[[File:BahmanGhobadi2009.JPG|thumb|left|[[Bahman Ghobadi]] at the presentation of his film ''Nobody Knows About Persian Cats'' in [[San Sebastián]], 2009]]

The main themes of [[Kurdish cinema]] are the poverty and hardship which ordinary Kurds have to endure. The first films featuring Kurdish culture were actually shot in Armenia. Zare, released in 1927, produced by [[Hamo Beknazarian]], details the story of Zare and her love for the shepherd Seydo, and the difficulties the two experience by the hand of the village elder.<ref>IMDb '[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0184075/ Zare (1927)]' Retrieved 7 July 2013.</ref> In 1948 and 1959, two documentaries were made concerning the Yezidi Kurds in Armenia. These were joint Armenian-Kurdish productions; with H. Kocharyan and Heciye Cindi teaming up for ''The Kurds of Soviet Armenia'',<ref name="Kurdish Cinema">R. Alakom '[http://www.kurdishcinema.com/RohatAlakomZere.html The first film about Kurds] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929215257/http://kurdishcinema.com/RohatAlakomZere.html |date=29 September 2013 }}'. Retrieved 7 July 2013.</ref> and Ereb Samilov and C. Jamharyan for ''Kurds of Armenia''.<ref name="Kurdish Cinema"/>

The first critically acclaimed and famous Kurdish films were produced by [[Yılmaz Güney]]. Initially a popular, award-winning actor in Turkey with the nickname ''Çirkin Kral'' (''the Ugly King'', after his rough looks), he spent the later part of his career producing socio-critical and politically loaded films. ''[[Sürü]]'' (1979), ''[[Yol (film)|Yol]]'' (1982) and ''[[Duvar (film)|Duvar]]'' (1983) are his best-known works, of which the second won Palme d'Or at the [[Cannes Film Festival]] of 1982,<ref>{{cite book|author=DVD ~ Yilmaz Güney|title=Yol (1982)|asin=6302824435}}</ref> the most prestigious award in the world of cinema.

Another prominent Kurdish film director is [[Bahman Qubadi]]. His first feature film was ''[[A Time for Drunken Horses]]'', released in 2000. It was critically acclaimed and went on to win multiple awards. Other movies of his would follow this example,<ref>IMDb '[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0315842/awards Bahman Ghobadi's Awards]'. Retrieved 7 July 2013.</ref> making him one of the best-known film producers of Iran of today. Recently, he released ''[[Rhinos Season]]'', starring [[Behrouz Vossoughi]], [[Monica Bellucci]] and [[Yilmaz Erdogan]], detailing the tumultuous life of a Kurdish poet.

Other prominent Kurdish film directors that are critically acclaimed include [[Mahsun Kırmızıgül]], [[Hiner Saleem]] and the aforementioned Yilmaz Erdogan. There's also been a number of films set or filmed in Kurdistan made by non-Kurdish film directors, such as ''[[The Wind Will Carry Us]]'', ''[[Triage (film)|Triage]]'', ''[[The Exorcist (film)|The Exorcist]]'', and ''[[The Market: A Tale of Trade]]''.

===Sports===
[[File:080603 Derdiyok.jpg|thumb|[[Eren Derdiyok]], a Kurdish footballer, striker for the [[Swiss national football team]]]]

The most popular sport among the Kurds is football. Because the Kurds have no independent state, they have no representative team in [[FIFA]] or the [[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]]; however a team representing [[Iraqi Kurdistan national football team|Iraqi Kurdistan]] has been active in the [[Viva World Cup]] since 2008. They became runners-up in 2009 and 2010, before ultimately becoming champion in 2012.

On a national level, the Kurdish clubs of Iraq have achieved success in recent years as well, winning the [[Iraqi Premier League]] four times in the last five years. Prominent clubs are [[Erbil SC]], [[Duhok SC]], [[Sulaymaniyah FC]] and [[Zakho FC]].

In Turkey, a Kurd named [[Celal Ibrahim]] was one of the founders of [[Galatasaray S.K.]] in 1905, as well as one of the original players. The most prominent Kurdish-Turkish club is [[Diyarbakirspor]]. In the diaspora, the most successful Kurdish club is [[Dalkurd FF]] and the most famous player is [[Eren Derdiyok]].<ref>FIFA '[https://web.archive.org/web/20121111001649/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/southafrica2010/players/player=294749/profile.html Eren Derdiyok's Profile]'</ref>

Another prominent sport is wrestling. In [[Iranian Wrestling]], there are three styles originating from Kurdish regions: 
*Zhir-o-Bal (a style similar to [[Greco-Roman wrestling]]), practised in [[Kurdistan]], [[Kermanshah]] and [[Ilam Province|Ilam]];<ref name="Pahlevani Research Institute">Pahlevani Research Institute '[http://www.izsf.org/Content/media/image/2011/05/1054_orig.pdf The Way of Traditional Persian Wrestling Styles] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511124606/http://www.izsf.org/Content/media/image/2011/05/1054_orig.pdf |date=11 May 2022 }}' Retrieved 7 July 2013.</ref>
*Zouran-Patouleh, practised in [[Kurdistan]];<ref name="Pahlevani Research Institute"/>
*Zouran-Machkeh, practised in [[Kurdistan]] as well.<ref name="Pahlevani Research Institute"/>
Furthermore, the most accredited of the traditional Iranian wrestling styles, the Bachoukheh, derives its name from a local Khorasani Kurdish costume in which it is practised.<ref name="Pahlevani Research Institute"/>

Kurdish medalists in the [[2012 Summer Olympics]] were [[Nur Tatar]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gundem.milliyet.com.tr/-kurt-um-ay-yildizli-bayragi-gururla-tasiyorum-/gundem/gundemdetay/21.08.2012/1584208/default.htm|title=Kürt'üm, ay yıldızlı bayrağı gururla taşıyorum – Milliyet Haber|publisher=Gundem.milliyet.com.tr|date=21 August 2012|access-date=2 March 2014}}</ref> [[Kianoush Rostami]] and Yezidi [[Misha Aloyan]];<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tert.am/en/news/2011/10/21/aloyan/|title=Misha Aloyan wants to change his name|publisher=Tert.am|date=21 October 2011|access-date=2 March 2014|archive-date=2 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302191715/http://www.tert.am/en/news/2011/10/21/aloyan/|url-status=dead}}</ref> who won medals in [[taekwondo]], [[Olympic weightlifting|weightlifting]] and [[boxing]], respectively.

===Architecture===
[[File:OnGozluBridge.jpg|thumb|The [[Marwanids (Diyar Bakr)|Marwanid]] [[Dicle Bridge]], [[Diyarbakir]]]]
[[File:Arbil Citadel.jpg|thumb|The [[Citadel of Erbil]]]]
The traditional Kurdish village has simple houses, made of mud. In most cases with flat, wooden roofs, and, if the village is built on the slope of a mountain, the roof on one house makes for the garden of the house one level higher. However, houses with a beehive-like roof, not unlike those in [[Harran]], are also present.

Over the centuries many Kurdish architectural marvels have been erected, with varying styles. Kurdistan boasts many examples from ancient Iranian, Roman, Greek and Semitic origin, most famous of these include [[Bisotun]] and [[Taq-e Bostan]] in Kermanshah, [[Takht-e Soleyman]] near Takab, [[Mount Nemrud]] near Adiyaman and the citadels of Erbil and Diyarbakir.

The first genuinely Kurdish examples extant were built in the 11th century. Those earliest examples consist of the Marwanid [[Dicle Bridge]] in Diyarbakir, the Shadaddid [[Ani|Minuchir Mosque]] in Ani,<ref>{{cite web|last=Sim|first=Steven|title=The Mosque of Minuchihr|publisher=VirtualANI|url=http://www.virtualani.org/minuchihrmosque/index.htm|access-date=23 January 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070120195237/http://www.virtualani.org/minuchihrmosque/index.htm|archive-date=20 January 2007}}</ref> and the [[Krak des Chevaliers|Hisn al Akrad]] near Homs.<ref>{{harvnb|Kennedy|1994|p=20}}{{full citation needed|date=August 2015|note=This ariticle does not use Harvard referencing. Use Template:Cite_book to provide proper citation details.}}</ref>

In the 12th and 13th centuries the Ayyubid dynasty constructed many buildings throughout the Middle East, being influenced by their predecessors, the Fatimids, and their rivals, the Crusaders, whilst also developing their own techniques.<ref>Peterson, 1996, p.26.</ref> Furthermore, women of the Ayyubid family took a prominent role in the patronage of new constructions.<ref>Necipoğlu, 1994, pp.35–36.</ref> The Ayyubids' most famous works are the Halil-ur-Rahman Mosque that surrounds the [[Şanlıurfa|Pool of Sacred Fish]] in Urfa, the [[Citadel of Cairo]]<ref>Harry Ades, ''A Traveller's History of Egypt'', Arris Publishing Ltd. 2007 {{ISBN|1-905214-01-4}} p.226</ref> and most parts of the [[Citadel of Aleppo]].<ref>{{Citation|title=The Citadel of Aleppo: Description, History, Site Plan and Visitor Tour (Guidebook)|url=http://archnet.org/library/documents/one-document.jsp?document_id=10623|first1=Julia|last1=Gonnella|publisher=[[Aga Khan Trust for Culture]] and the Syrian [[Directorate-General of Antiquities and Museums]]|year=2008|isbn=978-2-940212-02-6|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120609095149/http://archnet.org/library/documents/one-document.jsp?document_id=10623|archive-date=9 June 2012}}</ref> Another important piece of Kurdish architectural heritage from the late 12th/early 13th centuries is the Yezidi pilgrimage site [[Lalish]], with its trademark conical roofs.

In later periods too, Kurdish rulers and their corresponding dynasties and emirates would leave their mark upon the land in the form mosques, castles and bridges, some of which have decayed, or have been (partly) destroyed in an attempt to erase the Kurdish cultural heritage, such as the White Castle of the Bohtan Emirate. Well-known examples are [[Hosap Castle]] of the 17th century,<ref>Verity Campbell – Turkey – 2007 – 724 pages, page 643, {{ISBN|1-74104-556-8}}</ref> [[Sherwana Castle]] of the early 18th century, and the Ellwen Bridge of Khanaqin of the 19th century.

Most famous is the [[Ishak Pasha Palace]] of Dogubeyazit, a structure with heavy influences from both Anatolian and Iranian architectural traditions. Construction of the Palace began in 1685, led by Colak Abdi Pasha, a Kurdish bey of the Ottoman Empire, but the building would not be completed until 1784, by his grandson, Ishak Pasha.<ref>Lonely Planet (2012) '[http://www.lonelyplanet.com/turkey/the-black-sea-and-northeastern-anatolia/dogubayazit/sights/palace/ishak-pasa-palace Ishak Pasha Palace]'. Retrieved 7 July 2013.</ref><ref>Institut kurde de Paris (2011) '[http://www.institutkurde.org/en/publications/bulletins/pdf/318.pdf THE RESTORATION OF ISHAQ PASHA'S PALACE WILL BE COMPLETED IN 2013]'. Retrieved 7 July 2013.</ref> Containing almost 100 rooms, including a mosque, dining rooms, dungeons and being heavily decorated by hewn-out ornaments, this Palace has the reputation as being one of the finest pieces of architecture of the Ottoman Period, and of Anatolia.

In recent years, the KRG has been responsible for the renovation of several historical structures, such as Erbil Citadel and the Mudhafaria Minaret.<ref>UNESCO Office for Iraq (2007) '[http://www.unesco.org/new/en/iraq-office/culture/erbil-citadel/ Revitalization Project of Erbil Citadel]'. Retrieved 7 July 2013.</ref>