Editing Ketamine (section)

== Society and culture ==
{{Main|Ketamine in society and culture}}

=== Legal status ===
While ketamine is marketed legally in many countries worldwide,<ref name="IndexNominum2000">{{cite book |title=Index Nominum 2000: International Drug Directory |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5GpcTQD_L2oC&pg=PA584 |year=2000 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-3-88763-075-1 |pages=584–585}}</ref> it is also a [[controlled substance]] in many countries.<ref name="MathewZarate2016" />

* In Australia, ketamine is listed as a Schedule 8 controlled drug under the [[Standard for the Uniform Scheduling of Medicines and Poisons|Poisons Standard]] (October 2015).<ref name="Poisons Standard">Poisons Standard October 2015 {{cite web |url=https://www.comlaw.gov.au/Details/F2015L01534 |title=Poisons Standard | date = October 2015 | publisher = Australian Government |access-date=6 January 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160119074606/https://www.comlaw.gov.au/Details/F2015L01534/ |archive-date=19 January 2016 }}</ref>
* In Canada, ketamine has been classified as a Schedule I narcotic, since 2005.<ref name="CanadianLegalStatus">Legal status of ketamine in Canada references:
* {{cite web |url=http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-38.8/page-24.html#h-28 |title=Statutes of Canada (S.C.) Controlled Drugs and Substances Act (S.C. 1996 c.19) Schedule I §&nbsp;14 |date=12 June 2014 |website=Justice Laws Website |publisher=[[Government of Canada]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131122143804/http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-38.8/page-24.html#h-28 |archive-date=22 November 2013 }}
* {{cite news |url=http://napra.ca/Content_Files/Files/CDSA-Ketamine.pdf |title=Order Amending Schedule I to the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act |date=21 September 2005 |newspaper=[[Canada Gazette]] [[Canada Gazette#Part II|Part II]] |issue=19 |volume=139 |page=2130 |access-date=2 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808053346/http://napra.ca/Content_Files/Files/CDSA-Ketamine.pdf |archive-date=8 August 2014 }}
* {{cite web |url=http://cscb.ca/node/94386 |title=Status of ketamine under CDSA |date=2 May 2005 |publisher=Canadian Society of Customs Brokers |access-date=2 August 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810002143/http://cscb.ca/node/94386 |archive-date=10 August 2014 }}</ref>
* In December 2013, the [[government of India]], in response to rising recreational use and the use of ketamine as a date rape drug, added it to [[Schedule X]] of the [[Drugs and Cosmetics Rules, 1945|Drug and Cosmetics Act]] requiring a special license for sale and maintenance of records of all sales for two years.<ref>{{cite news |title= Ketamine drug brought under 'Schedule X' to curb abuse |url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/Ketamine-drug-brought-under-Schedule-X-to-curb-abuse/articleshow/28486002.cms |newspaper= [[The Times of India]] |date= 7 January 2014 |access-date= 2 August 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140414064604/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/Ketamine-drug-brought-under-Schedule-X-to-curb-abuse/articleshow/28486002.cms |archive-date= 14 April 2014 |df= dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news| vauthors = Sumitra DR |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=30 December 2013 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Govt-makes-notorious-date-rape-drug-ketamine-harder-to-buy-or-sell/articleshow/28116453.cms |title=Govt makes notorious 'date rape' drug ketamine harder to buy or sell |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230025440/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Govt-makes-notorious-date-rape-drug-ketamine-harder-to-buy-or-sell/articleshow/28116453.cms |archive-date=30 December 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* In the United Kingdom, it was labeled a [[Misuse of Drugs Act 1971|Class B drug]] on 12 February 2014.<ref name="reclassify response">{{citation |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/279186/ResponseACMDketamineReclassification.pdf |title=Response to ACMD recommendation on ketamine |access-date=21 February 2014 |date=12 February 2014 | vauthors = Baker N |author-link1=Norman Baker |type=Correspondence to Les Iverson [chair of]; [[Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs]] |publisher=[[Crown copyright#United Kingdom|Crown copyright]]; [[Open Government Licence]] |postscript=. |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140228195318/https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/279186/ResponseACMDketamineReclassification.pdf |archive-date=28 February 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | vauthors = Dixon H |date=12 February 2014 |title=Party drug ketamine to be upgraded to Class B |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/law-and-order/10633800/Party-drug-ketamine-to-be-upgraded-to-Class-B.html |newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |access-date=2 August 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140609232635/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/law-and-order/10633800/Party-drug-ketamine-to-be-upgraded-to-Class-B.html |archive-date=9 June 2014 }}</ref> In 2025, the Home Office requested a review of the classification with a view to changing it to Class A, based on an increase in recreational use and the negative health consequences.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home Office requests review of ketamine classification |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/home-office-requests-review-of-ketamine-classification |access-date=2025-03-04 |website=GOV.UK |language=en}}</ref>
* The increase in recreational use prompted ketamine to be placed in Schedule III of the United States [[Controlled Substances Act]] in August 1999.<ref name="FedReg1999">{{cite journal | vauthors = Marshall DR |author-link1=Donnie R. Marshall |date=13 July 1999 |title=Schedules of Controlled Substances: Placement of Ketamine into Schedule III [21 CFR Part 1308. Final Rule 99-17803] |journal=[[Federal Register]] |volume=64 |issue=133 |pages=37673–5 |url=http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-1999-07-13/pdf/99-17803.pdf |department=Rules and Regulations |author-link3=Drug Enforcement Administration |author-link4=United States Department of Justice |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505060507/http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-1999-07-13/pdf/99-17803.pdf |archive-date=5 May 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ketamine could become Class A drug as ministers seek advice |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cp8306prgy6o |website=www.bbc.com|date=7 January 2025 }}</ref>

=== Recreational use ===
{{Main|Ketamine in society and culture#Recreational use}}
[[File:SpiRaL.jpg|thumb|A spiral line of ketamine prepared for insufflation]]

At sub-anesthetic doses, ketamine produces a [[Dissociation (psychology)|dissociative state]], characterised by a sense of detachment from one's physical body and the external world that is known as [[depersonalization]] and [[derealization]].<ref name="Giannini2000">{{cite journal | vauthors = Giannini AJ, Underwood NA, Condon M | title = Acute ketamine intoxication treated by haloperidol: a preliminary study | journal = American Journal of Therapeutics | volume = 7 | issue = 6 | pages = 389–91 | date = November 2000 | pmid = 11304647 | doi = 10.1097/00045391-200007060-00008 }}</ref> At sufficiently high doses, users may experience what is called the "[[K-hole]]", a state of dissociation with visual and auditory hallucination.<ref>{{Cite book | vauthors = Giannini AJ |title=Drug Abuse |publisher=Health Information Press |location=Los Angeles |year=1999 |page=[https://archive.org/details/drugabuse00ajam/page/104 104] |isbn=978-1-885987-11-2 |url=https://archive.org/details/drugabuse00ajam |url-access=registration }}</ref> [[John C. Lilly]], [[Marcia Moore]], [[D. M. Turner]], and [[David Woodard]] (among others) have written extensively about their own [[entheogen]]ic and [[psychonautics|psychonautic]] experiences with ketamine.<ref name="RecreationalLiterature">References for recreational use in literature:
* {{Cite book | vauthors = Lilly JC |author-link=John C. Lilly |title=The Scientist: A Metaphysical Autobiography |publisher=[[Ronin Publishing|Ronin]] |location=Berkeley, CA |year=1997 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/scientist00lill/page/144 144–] |isbn=978-0-914171-72-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/scientist00lill/page/144 }}
* {{cite book | vauthors = Kelly K |title=The Little Book of Ketamine |year=2001 |publisher=[[Ronin Publishing|Ronin]] |isbn=978-1-57951-121-0 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=KAabFIHLl7oC&pg=PA23 23], [https://books.google.com/books?id=KAabFIHLl7oC&pg=PA40 40–45], [https://books.google.com/books?id=KAabFIHLl7oC&pg=PA46 46–51], ibid }}
* {{Cite book | vauthors = Alltounian HS, Moore M |author-link2=Marcia Moore |title=Journeys Into the Bright World |publisher=Para Research |location=Rockport, MA |year=1978 |isbn=978-0-914918-12-7 |ref={{sfnref|Alltounian & Moore|1978}}}}
* {{cite book | vauthors = Palmer C, Horowitz M |author-link2=Fitz Hugh Ludlow Memorial Library|title=Sisters of the Extreme: Women Writing on the Drug Experience |year=2000|publisher=[[Inner Traditions – Bear & Company|Inner Traditions]] |isbn=978-0-89281-757-3|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=RaCG6kbk2lIC&pg=PT254 254–258], ibid |ref={{sfnref|Palmer & Horowitz|2000}}}}
* {{Cite book | vauthors = Turner DM |author-link=D. M. Turner |title=The Essential Psychedelic Guide |publisher=Panther Press |location=San Francisco |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-9642636-1-1}}</ref> Turner died prematurely due to drowning during presumed unsupervised ketamine use.<ref name="Jansen2001">{{Cite book |title=Ketamine: Dreams and Realities | vauthors = Jansen K |publisher=Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies |isbn=978-0-9660019-3-8 |year=2001 |pages=50, 89}}</ref> In 2006, the Russian edition of [[Adam Parfrey]]'s ''Apocalypse Culture'' was banned and destroyed by authorities owing to its inclusion of an essay by Woodard about the entheogenic use of, and psychonautic experiences with, ketamine.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Woodard D | chapter-url = https://tranxcend.tumblr.com/post/29813278762/ketamine | chapter = The Ketamine Necromance | veditors = Parfrey A | title = Apocalypse Culture II | location = [[Los Angeles]] | publisher = [[Feral House]] | date = 2000 | pages = 288–295 | access-date = 18 May 2020 | archive-date = 24 June 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210624204236/https://tranxcend.tumblr.com/post/29813278762/ketamine | url-status = live }}</ref>{{rp|288–295}}

Recreational ketamine use has been implicated in deaths globally, with more than 90 deaths in England and Wales in the years of 2005–2013.<ref name=DalyVice14 /> They include accidental poisonings, drownings, traffic accidents, and [[suicides]].<ref name=DalyVice14>See Max Daly, 2014, "The Sad Demise of Nancy Lee, One of Britain's Ketamine Casualties," at ''Vice'' (online), 23 July 2014, see {{cite web |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/ketamine-slowly-ruins-your-bladder-and-kills-you-863/ |title=The Sad Demise of Nancy Lee, One of Britain's Ketamine Casualties |access-date=7 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150607022331/http://www.vice.com/en_uk/read/ketamine-slowly-ruins-your-bladder-and-kills-you-863 |archive-date=7 June 2015 |date=23 July 2014 }}, accessed 7 June 2015.</ref> The majority of deaths were among young people.<ref name=TheCrownONS13>{{cite web | date = 2013 | title = Drug related deaths involving ketamine in England and Wales | work = A report of the Mortality team, Life Events and Population Sources Division, Office for National Statistics | publisher = Government of the United Kingdom | url = http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/about-ons/business-transparency/freedom-of-information/what-can-i-request/published-ad-hoc-data/health/october-2013/drug-related-deaths-involving-ketamine-by-age-group.xls |access-date=7 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150607212436/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/about-ons/business-transparency/freedom-of-information/what-can-i-request/published-ad-hoc-data/health/october-2013/drug-related-deaths-involving-ketamine-by-age-group.xls |archive-date=7 June 2015 }} and {{cite web |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/subnational-health3/deaths-related-to-drug-poisoning/2012/stb---deaths-related-to-drug-poisoning-2012.html |title=Deaths Related to Drug Poisoning in England and Wales – Office for National Statistics |access-date=7 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150619235310/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/subnational-health3/deaths-related-to-drug-poisoning/2012/stb---deaths-related-to-drug-poisoning-2012.html |archive-date=19 June 2015 }}, accessed 7 June 2015.</ref> Several months after being found dead in his hot tub, actor [[Matthew Perry]]'s October 2023 apparent drowning death was revealed to have been caused by a ketamine overdose, and, while other factors were present, the acute effects of ketamine were ruled to be the primary cause of death.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.npr.org/2023/12/15/1219759019/matthew-perry-cause-of-death |title=Matthew Perry died from the 'acute effects of ketamine,' autopsy finds |website=NPR |vauthors=Bowman E |access-date=28 December 2023 |date=15 December 2023 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228225746/https://www.npr.org/2023/12/15/1219759019/matthew-perry-cause-of-death |url-status=live }}</ref> Due to its ability to cause confusion and [[anterograde amnesia|amnesia]], ketamine has been used for [[date rape]].<ref name="CAMHDYK">{{cite web |url=https://knowledgex.camh.net/amhspecialists/resources_families/Pages/ketamine_dyk.aspx |title=Do you know... Ketamine |website=Knowledge Exchange |location= Toronto |publisher=[[Centre for Addiction and Mental Health]] |access-date=27 July 2014 |year=2003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407061143/https://knowledgex.camh.net/amhspecialists/resources_families/Pages/ketamine_dyk.aspx |archive-date= 7 April 2014 |url-status=dead |df= dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="CESAR">{{cite web |url=http://www.cesar.umd.edu/cesar/drugs/ketamine.asp |title=Ketamine |access-date=27 July 2014 |date=29 October 2013 |publisher=Center for Substance Abuse Research (CESAR); [[University of Maryland, College Park]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112080924/http://www.cesar.umd.edu/cesar/drugs/ketamine.asp |archive-date=12 November 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>